Figure 1
Legal (numbers) and social (letters) requirements of pasturing (Kröck 2020, modified)
Abbildung 1. Rechtliche (Nummern) und gesellschaftliche (Buchstaben) Anforderungen and die Weidetierhaltung (nach Kröck, 2020)
Table 1
Scientific projects in grassland and pasturing in Germany (according to Kröck, 2020)
Tabelle 1. Wissenschaftliche Projekte mit Fokus auf Grünland und Weidehaltung in Deutschland (nach Kröck, 2020)
| Project | Coordination | Goal |
|---|---|---|
| Green Grass | GAU | Using new technologies to develop innovative pasturing systems |
| Super-G | Productive and ecologically sustainable grassland management systems | |
| ADAM | Enlarge biodiversity in intensive grasslands of northern Germany | |
| IMPAC | New genotypes for sustainable grasslands | |
| Smart Grazing | CAU | App for growth rate and quality of pasture forage |
| SusCatt | Enlarge productivity, efficiency, and consumer acceptance of pasture-based feeding | |
| LegacyNet | Optimizing grassland compositions | |
| Low-Input Weidemilch | Climate protection potentials of pasture-based dairy farming | |
| Gemeine Rispe | Webtool as decision support for the control of the common panicle | |
| Weidemanager Schleswig-Holstein | CAU, LWK SH | Adaption of GrassHopper and PastureBaseIreland in northern Germany |
| Innovatives Bio-Weiderinderkonzept | University of Hohenheim | Grassland protection |
| PastorAlp | University of Florence (coordinator) | Adaption to climate change on alpine pastures |
| EmiDat | KTBL | Data basis for outdoor climate management and climate protection |
| NaTiMon | Thünen-Institute | National definition of animal welfare in livestock systems |
| SattGrün | ZALF | Web-based decision support for enhancing productivity and ecosystem services of grasslands |
| DigiMilch | Bavarian Sate Research Center for Agriculture | Real-time data of fertilizer ingredients for application |
| Rindertracking | Cattle tracking and monitoring system | |
| SELBEX | Nuertingen Geislingen University | Selective non-chemical treatment of Jacob’s ragwort and autumn crocus in extensive grasslands |
| Optikuh 2 | Federal Office for Agriculture and Food Germany | Estimation of disease risk of individual animals for selection for robustness and feed conversion efficiency |
| mAInZaun | JLU, Universität Bremen, RoFlexs | Sensor-based artificial intelligence controlled fencing system for wolf protection |
[i] Adapted from Kröck (2020): CAU, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel; GAU, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen; JLU, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen; LWK SH, Schleswig Holstein Chamber of Agriculture; KTBL, Kuratorium für Technik und Bauwesen in der Landwirtschaft; ZALF, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research
Table 2
Selected technologies and management tools to improve future pasturing (according to Kröck, 2020)
Tabelle 2. Ausgewählte Technologien und Managementtools, um Weidehaltung künftig zu optimieren (nach Kröck, 2020)
| Technologies | Product/function | Company | Special function |
|---|---|---|---|
| Growth measurement | Grass Master Pro | Novel Ways | |
| GrassHopper | True North Technology | ||
| Fencing | Virtual Fencing | Vence | |
| Agersens | |||
| Nofence | |||
| Grazeway | Lely | Barn–pasture–traffic with automated doors | |
| Animal wealth management | SmaXtec | SmaXtec | Detection of estrus, diseases, locomotion, feeding issues, and so on |
| CowManager | CowManager | ||
| RumiWatch | ITIN + Hoch | ||
| Potions management | Blue Level | La Buvette | Automated water level measuring for pasture tanks |
| Tracking system | GPS based | Blaupunkt Telematics | Animal position, walking routes, georeferencing |
| Tecsag | |||
| Environmental protection | Zelp | ZELP Ltd | Oxidate methane from cows’ exhalation and tracking health data |
| Lactobeef | Agroscope | Feeding cattle with whey from cheese manufacturing reduces methane emission | |
| Weed control | Blackenvernichtungsanlage | Bachmann | Weed control system with boiling water (nonchemical). |
| Potions control | Blue Level | La Buvette | Water level sensor |
| Management / Apps | Product/Function | Company | Special Function |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fertilizer management | “Wann wächst das Gras?” (When does the grass grow?) | LWK Schleswig Holstein | Optimization of spring fertilization, vegetation period forecast |
| Yara Plan | Yara | Calculation and documentation of fertilizer need and application | |
| Pasture management | PastureBaseIreland | Teagasc | Comprehensive planning and documentation of pasture management at desktop computer (Decision support systems) |
| Kingswood Computing | Kingswood Computing | ||
| AgriNet | AgriNet | ||
| Riswicker Weideplaner | Chamber of Agriculture North Rhine-Westphalia | Optimization of stocking density | |
| Grünlandticker | WWW- | Newsletter, growth data, recommendations for pasture management | |
| Grass10 | Gréngland Teagasc | ||
| Fencing | himps | Horizont | Fence control (voltage, and so on) |
[i] Adapted from Kröck (2020)