Have a personal or library account? Click to login
Technology as a Threat or a Solution? The Challenges of Responding to Synthetic Media Cover

Technology as a Threat or a Solution? The Challenges of Responding to Synthetic Media

Open Access
|Feb 2024

References

  1. Alvarez, León, Luis F. and Rosen Jovanna. “Technology as Ideology in Urban Governance.” Annals of the American Association of Geographers 110, no. 2 (2020): 497–506.
  2. Audry, Sofian. Art in the Age of Machine Learning. Cambridge (MA) and London: The MIT Press, 2021.
  3. Bass, Dina. “OpenAI Chatbot So Good It Can Fool Humans, Even When It’s Wrong.” Bloomberg (December 2022) // https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-12-07/openai-chatbot-so-good-it-can-fool-humans-even-when-it-s-wrong?leadSource=uverify%20wall.
  4. Bogost, Ian. “ChatGPT Is Dumber Than You Think.” The Atlantic (December 2022) // https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2022/12/chatgpt-openai-artificial-intelligence-writing-ethics/672386/.
  5. Bontridder, Noémi and Yves Poullet. “The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Disinformation.” Data & Policy 3 (2022): 1–21.
  6. Brown, Oliver. Beyond the Creative Species: Making Machines that Make Art and Music. Cambridge (MA) and London: The MIT Press, 2021.
  7. Chesney, Robert and Danielle Citron. “Deepfakes and the New Disinformation War: The Coming of Age of Post-Truth Geopolitics.” Foreign Affairs 98, no. 1 (2019): 147–155.
  8. Çiftçi, Umur A., Gokturk Yuksek and Ilke Demir. “My Face My Choice: Privacy Enhancing Deepfakes for Social Media Anonymization.” arXiv (Accessed 13 December, 2022) // https://arxiv.org/abs/2211.01361.
  9. Coeckelbergh, Mark. AI Ethics. Cambridge (MA) and London: The MIT Press, 2020.
  10. Constine, Josh. “ByteDance and TikTok Have Secretly Built a Deepfakes Maker.” TechCrunch (January 2020) // https://techcrunch.com/2020/01/03/tiktok-deep-fakes-face-swap/.
  11. Cover, Rob. “Deepfake Culture: The Emergence of Audio-Video Deception as an Object of Social Anxiety and Regulation.” Continuum 36, no. 4 (2022): 609–621.
  12. De Souza, Siddharth Peter. “The Spread of Legal Tech Solutionism and the Need for Legal Design.” European Journal of Risk Regulation 13, no. 3 (2022): 373–388.
  13. Di Gregorio, Giovanni. Digital Constitutionalism in Europe: Reframing Rights and Powers in the Algorithmic Society. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2022.
  14. Diakopoulos, Nicholas and Deborah Johnson. “Anticipating and Addressing the Ethical Implications of Deepfakes in the Context of Elections.” New Media & Society 23, no. 7 (2021): 2072–2098.
  15. Diresta, Renee. “AI-Generated Text Is the Scariest Deepfake of All.” Wired (July 2020) // https://www.wired.com/story/ai-generated-text-is-the-scariest-deep-fake-of-all/.
  16. Du Sautoy, Marcus. The Creativity Code: How AI Is Learning to Write, Paint and Think. London: 4th Estate, 2020.
  17. Edwards, Benj. “AI Image Generation Tech Can Now Create Life-Wrecking Deep-fakes with Ease.” Ars Technica (December 2022) // https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2022/12/thanks-to-ai-its-probably-time-to-take-your-photos-off-the-internet/.
  18. Fallis, Don. “The Epistemic Threat of Deepfakes.” Philosophy and Technology 34 (2020): 223–243.
  19. Feingold, Spencer. “Artificial Intelligence Image Generators Bring Delight – and Concern.” World Economic Forum (October 2022) // https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/10/ai-artist-systems-bring-delight-and-concern/.
  20. Galston, William A. “Is Seeing Still Believing? The Deepfake Challenge to Truth in Politics.” Brookings (January 2020) // https://www.brookings.edu/research/is-seeing-still-believing-the-deepfake-challenge-to-truth-in-politics/.
  21. Gapper, John. “ChatGPT Is Fluent, Clever and Dangerously Creative.” Financial Times (December 2022) // https://www.ft.com/content/86e64b4c-a754-47d6-999c-fcc54f62fb5d.
  22. Giles, Keir, Kim Hartmann and Munira Mustaffa. The Role of Deepfakes in Malign Influence Campaigns. Riga: NATO StratCom COE, 2019.
  23. Ging, Debbie. “Alphas, Betas, and Incels: Theorizing the Masculinities of the Manosphere.” Men and Masculinities 22, no. 4 (2019): 638–657.
  24. Goldman, Sharon. “The Hidden Danger of ChatGPT and Generative AI.” Venture-Beat (December 2022) // https://venturebeat.com/ai/the-hidden-danger-ofchatgpt-and-generative-ai-the-ai-beat/.
  25. Guadamuz, Andres. “Do Androids Dream of Electric Copyright? Comparative Analysis of Originality in Artificial Intelligence Generated Works.” In Artificial Intelligence & Intellectual Property, edited by Jyh-An Lee, Reto Hilty and Kung-Chung Liu. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2021, 147–176.
  26. Harrington, Carol. “What is ‘Toxic Masculinity’ and Why Does it Matter?” Men and Masculinities 24, no. 2 (2021): 345–352.
  27. Harsin, Jayson. “Aggro-Truth: (Dis-)Trust, Toxic Masculinity, and the Cultural Logic of Post-Truth Politics.” The Communication Review 24, no. 2 (2021): 133–166.
  28. Harsin, Jayson. “Toxic White Masculinity, Post-Truth Politics and the COVID-19 Infodemic.” European Journal of Cultural Studies 23, no. 6 (2020): 1060–1068.
  29. Heilweil, Rebecca. “AI Is Finally Good at Stuff, and that’s a Problem.” Vox (December 2022) // https://www.vox.com/recode/2022/12/7/23498694/ai-artificial-intelligence-chat-gpt-openai.
  30. Helmus, Todd C. “Artificial Intelligence, Deepfakes, and Disinformation: A Primer.” RAND Corporation (July 2022) // https://www.rand.org/pubs/perspectives/PEA1043-1.html.
  31. Hern, Alex. “AI Bot ChatGPT Stuns Academics with Essay-Writing Skills and Usability.” The Guardian (December 2022) // https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2022/dec/04/ai-bot-chatgpt-stuns-academics-with-essay-writing-skills-and-usability.
  32. Heslep, Daniel G. and P. S. Berge. “Mapping Discord’s Darkside: Distributed Hate Networks on Disboard.” New Media & Society, online first // DOI: 10.1177/14614448211062548.
  33. Honigberg, Bradley. “The Existential Threat of AI-Enhanced Disinformation Operations.” Just Security (July 2022) // https://www.justsecurity.org/82246/the-existential-threat-of-ai-enhanced-disinformation-operations/.
  34. Illia, Laura, Elanor Colleoni and Stelios Zyglidopoulos. “Ethical Implications of Text Generation in the Age of Artificial Intelligence.” Business Ethics, the Environment & Responsibility 32, no. 1 (2022): 201–210.
  35. Jacobs, Harrison. “Getty Images Bans AI-Generated Images due to Copyright Worries.” ARTnews (September 2022) // https://www.artnews.com/art-news/news/getty-images-bans-ai-generated-images-due-to-copyright-1234640201/.
  36. Kalpokas, Ignas. “Posthuman Urbanism: Datafication, Algorithmic Governance and Covid-19.” In The Routledge Handbook of Architecture, Urban Space and Politics Volume I: Violence, Spectacle and Data. Edited by Nikolina Bobic and Farzaneh Haghighi. London and New York: Routledge, 2023, 496–508.
  37. Kalpokas, Ignas. “Problematising Reality: The Promises and Perils of Synthetic Media.” SN Social Sciences 1, no. 1 (2021b): 1–11.
  38. Kalpokas, Ignas. Algorithmic Governance: Law and Politics in a Post-Human Era. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2019.
  39. Kalpokas, Ignas. Malleable, Digital, and Posthuman: A Permanently Beta Life. Bingley: Emerald Publishing Limited, 2021a.
  40. Kietzmann, Jan, Linda W. Lee, Ian P. McCarthy, and Tim C. Kietzmann. “Deep-fakes: Trick or Treat.” Business Horizons 63, no. 2 (2020): 135–146.
  41. Knight, Will. “This Copyright Lawsuit Could Shape the Future of Generative AI.” Wired (November 2022) // https://www.wired.com/story/this-copyright-lawsuit-could-shape-the-future-of-generative-ai/.
  42. Knight, Will. “This Uncensored AI Art Tool Can Generate Fantasies – and Nightmares.” Wired (September 2022b) // https://www.wired.com/story/the-joy-and-dread-of-ai-image-generators-without-limits/.
  43. Kreps, Sarah, McCain, R. Miles and Brundage, Miles. “All the News That’s Fit to Fabricate: AI-Generated Text as a Tool of Media Misinformation.” Journal of Experi mental Political Science 9 (2022): 104–117.
  44. Lin, Connie. “How to Easily Trick OpenAI’s Genius New ChatGPT.” Fact Company (December 2022) // https://www.fastcompany.com/90819887/how-to-trick-openai-chat-gpt.
  45. Loizos, Connie. “Is ChatGPT a ‘Virus that Has Been Released into the Wild’?” Tech-Crunch (December 2022) // https://tcrn.ch/3W7IZUY.
  46. Lovato, Juniper et al. “Diverse Misinformation: Impacts of Human Biases on Detection of Deepfakes on Networks.” arXiv (Accessed 13 December, 2022) // https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.10026.
  47. Marelli, Luca, Kieslich, Katharina and Geiger, Susi. “COVID-19 and Technosolutionism: Responsibilization without Contextualization?” Critical Public Health 32, no. 1 (2022): 1–4.
  48. Massanari, Adrienne. “#Gamergate and The Fappening: How Reddit’s Algorithm, Governance, and Culture Support Toxic Technocultures.” New Media & Society 19, no. 3 (2015): 329–346.
  49. McCosker, Anthony. “Making Sense of Deepfakes: Socializing AI and Building Data Literacy on GitHub and YouTube.” New Media & Society (2022) // https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448221093943.
  50. McGowran, Leigh. “‘Legal Minefield’: The Risk of Commercialising AI-Generated Images.” SiliconRepublic (September 2022) // https://www.siliconrepublic.com/machines/ai-generated-images-legal-risks-copyright.
  51. Metz, Cade. “The New Chatbots Could Change the World. Can You Trust Them?” The New York Times (December 2022) // https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/10/technology/ai-chat-bot-chatgpt.html.
  52. Metz, Rachel. “Anyone Can Now Use Powerful AI Tools to Make Images. What Could Possibly Go Wrong?” CNN (October 2022) // https://edition.cnn.com/2022/09/30/tech/image-generating-ai-publicly-available/index.html.
  53. Miller, Arthur I. The Artist in the Machine: The World of AI-Powered Creativity. Cambridge (MA) and London: The MIT Press, 2019.
  54. Morozov, Evgeny. To Save Everything, Click Here: The Folly of Technological Solutionism. New York: Public Affairs, 2014.
  55. Mullen, Molly. “New Reality: Deepfake Technology and the World Around Us.” Mitchell Hamline Law Review 48, no. 1 (2022): 210–234.
  56. Newton, Olivia B. and Mel Stanfill. “My NSFW Video Has Partial Occlusion: Deep-fakes and the Technological Production of Nonconsensual Pornography.” Porn Studies 7, no. 4 (2020): 398–414.
  57. Nightingale, Sophie J. and Hany Farid. “AI-Synthesized Faces Are Indistinguishable from Real Faces and More Trustworthy.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 119, no. 8 (2022): 1–3.
  58. Pawelec, Maria. “Deepfakes and Democracy (Theory): How Synthetic Audio-Visual Media for Disinformation and Hate Speech Threaten Core Democratic Functions.” Digital Society 1 (2022): 1–37.
  59. Potts, John. The Near-Death of the Author: Creativity in the Internet Age. Toronto: The University of Toronto Press, 2022.
  60. Robinson, Rebekah. “AI Image Generators Enable the Creation of Fake Pictures to Support Fake News.” Coda (October 2022) // https://www.codastory.com/disin-formation/ai-image-generators-fake-news/.
  61. Salter, Anastasia and Bridget Blodgett. Toxic Geek Masculinity in Media: Sexism, Trolling, and Identity Policing. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017.
  62. Simonite, Tom. “Forget Politics: For Now, Deepfakes are for Bullies.” Wired (September 2019) //https://www.wired.com/story/forget-politics-deepfakes-bullies/.
  63. Stokel-Walker, Chris. “AI Bot ChatGPT Writes Smart Essays — Should Professors Worry?” Nature (December 2022) // https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-04397-7.
  64. Sullivan, Mark. “Meta’s New AI Video Generator Could Be a Dangerous Misinformation Tool.” FastCompany (September 2022) // https://www.fastcompany.com/90793071/metas-new-ai-video-generator-could-be-a-dangerous-misinformation-tool.
  65. Taylor, Linnet. “There Is an App for That: Technological Solutionism as COVID-19 Policy in the Global North.” In The New Common: How the COVID-19 Pandemic Is Transforming Society. Edited by Emile Aarts et al. Cham: Springer, 2021, 209–215.
  66. Ten Oever, Niels. “This Is not how We Imagined It: Technological Affordances, Economic Drivers, and the Internet Architecture Imaginary.“ New Media & Society 23, no. 2 (2021): 344–362.
  67. Thomas, Elise. “In the Battle Against Deepfakes, AI Is Pitted against AI.” Wired (November 2019) // https://www.wired.co.uk/article/deepfakes-ai.
  68. Tolosana, Ruben et al. “An Introduction to Digital Face Manipulation.” In Handbook of Digital Face Manipulation and Detection: From DeepFakes to Morphing Attacks. Edited by C. Rathgeb et al., 3–26. Cham: Springer, 2022.
  69. Trott, Verity Anne. “Gillette: The Best a Beta Can Get. Networking Hegemonic Masculinity in the Digital Sphere.” New Media & Society 24, no. 6 (2022): 1417–1434.
  70. Vaccari, Christian and Chadwick, Andrew. “Deepfakes and Disinformation: Exploring the Impact of Synthetic Political Video on Deception, Uncertainty, and Trust in News.” Social Media + Society 6. No. 1 (January-March 2020) // https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305120903408.
  71. van der Nagel, Emily. “Verifying Images: Deepfakes, Control, and Consent.” Porn Studies 7, no. 4 (2020): 424–429.
  72. van der Sloot, Bart and Yvette Wagensveld. “Deepfakes: Regulatory Challenges for the Synthetic Society.” Computer Law & Security Review 46 (2022): 1–15.
  73. Vincent, James. “Getty Images Bans AI-Generated Content over Fears of Legal Challenges.” The Verge (September 2022b) // https://www.theverge.com/2022/9/21/23364696/getty-images-ai-ban-generated-artwork-illustration-copyright.
  74. Vincent, James. “The Lawsuit that Could Rewrite the Rules of AI Copyright.” The Verge (November 2022) // https://www.theverge.com/2022/11/8/23446821/microsoft-openai-github-copilot-class-action-lawsuit-ai-copyright-violation-training-data.
  75. Vizoso, Ángel, Martín Vaz-Álvarez and Xosé López-García. “Fighting Deepfakes: Media and Internet Giants’ Converging and Diverging Strategies Against Hi-Tech Misinformation.” Media and Communication 9, no. 1 (2022): 291-300.
  76. Waling, Andrea. “Problematising ‘Toxic’ and ‘Healthy’ Masculinity for Addressing Gender Inequalities.” Australian Feminist Studies 34, no. 101 (2019): 362–375.
  77. Whittaker, Lucas, et al. “All Around Me Are Synthetic Faces: The Mad World of AI-Generated Media.” IT Professional 22, no. 5 (2020): 90–99.
  78. Woolley, Samuel. The Reality Game: How the Next Wave of Technology Will Break the Truth and What We Can Do About It. London: Endeavour, 2020.
  79. Zeilinger, Martin. Tactical Entanglements: AI Art, Creative Agency, and the Limits of Intellectual Property. Lüneburg: Meson Press, 2021.
Language: English
Page range: 1 - 22
Submitted on: May 23, 2023
|
Accepted on: Oct 26, 2023
|
Published on: Feb 26, 2024
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 2 issues per year

© 2024 Ignas Kalpokas, Vaiva Šalaševičiūtė, Monika Lipskė, published by Faculty of Political Science and Diplomacy and the Faculty of Law of Vytautas Magnus University (Lithuania)
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.