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        <title>Baltic Journal of Law &amp; Politics Feed</title>
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        <copyright>All rights reserved 2026, Faculty of Political Science and Diplomacy and the Faculty of Law of Vytautas Magnus University (Lithuania)</copyright>
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            <title><![CDATA[Limits on Criminal Liability for Persons Who Have Illegally Crossed the State Border]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/bjlp-2026-0001</link>
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            <pubDate>Thu, 27 Aug 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The article examines the issues of interpretation and application of Article 31 of the Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees of 28 July 1951 (Refugee Convention), concerning the circumstances under which asylum seekers should be exempted from criminal liability. Firstly, the author examines how Lithuania and other states assess situations in which an asylum seeker enters another country by using forged or false documents. It is concluded that this matter is not properly regulated in Lithuanian criminal law, which results in the issue having to be resolved by the courts through the application of the existing legislation. The author subsequently examines the condition of “without delay” for the application of Article 31 of the Convention, outlining its possible interpretative meanings and illustrating them with examples of its application. Having assessed the already very different legal regulations in various countries and the extremely different assessments of similar situations in court practice, the article argues that an internationally agreed minimum time frame falling within the scope of “without delay” should be established, as no such standard currently exists. Finally, the article examines the remaining conditions for immunity from criminal liability, specifically the criteria for determining whether an asylum seeker has “come directly.” When assessing this requirement, the reasons and motives for an individual’s stay in a transit country must be considered, as well as the factors that prompted the decision to travel to a particular state and the duration of the journey and time spent in transit states.]]></description>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Effects of the Stay of Individual Enforcement Actions on Secured Creditors in Restructuring Proceedings]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/bjlp-2026-0003</link>
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            <pubDate>Thu, 27 Aug 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The stay of individual enforcement actions is one of the essential tools in the restructuring framework. However, the imposition of a stay affects numerous creditors, especially secured ones. Although the adoption of the Restructuring Directive (EU) 2019/1023 aimed to promote a rescue culture in Europe, policymakers also viewed its provisions through the prism of balancing the interests of debtors and creditors. This article compares the European Union and United States rescue frameworks, analysing whether the stay in these jurisdictions is (i) automatic or dependent on the court’s discretion, (ii) temporary or lasting within the whole period of restructuring, (iii) encompassing all secured creditors or enabling certain categories to lift the stay, and (iv) protective of the collateral market value during the stay (i.e., value-neutral). As a central point in this article, the author concludes that Directive (EU) 2019/1023 prescribes a short period of stay (up to 4 months), and that this relatively short duration was intended by the EU policymaker to hedge against the risk of collateral depreciation for secured creditors. Other means to protect the collateral value, as it stands today, are not provided in the Restructuring Directive and are left to be introduced in the Member States’ national laws. In contrast, Chapter 11 of the US Bankruptcy Code prescribes a stay that lasts until the end of the reorganisation case, but establishes the mechanisms to protect the decreased collateral value (e.g., by providing additional security, cash payments to cover the drop in value, or elevating the amount of secured creditors’ claim, uncovered by collateral, to the administrative expense, etc.).]]></description>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Consequences of Unlawful Dismissal: The Role of the Court. Lithuanian Model]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/bjlp-2026-0007</link>
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            <pubDate>Thu, 27 Aug 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This paper examines the consequences of unlawful dismissal in Lithuanian labour law with particular focus on the role of courts in determining the remedies applied in such cases. The main goal of the research is to assess the limits of judicial competence when deciding on the non–application of reinstatement, the reduction of statutory compensatory payments, and the determination of damages once the dismissal has been declared unlawful. The analysis is based on the hypothesis that the strict and detailed statutory regulation governing the consequences of unlawful dismissal does not necessarily ensure an appropriate balance between the rights and interests of employees and employers. It is presumed that such regulation, despite its formal precision, may create uncertainty in practice regarding the scope of employee protection and the extent of judicial discretion.The study analyzes international standards on protection against unlawful dismissal, the historical development of Lithuanian labour law, and the interpretation of relevant norms in the case law of the Supreme Court of Lithuania. The research shows that although the legal framework establishes strict statutory consequences, the courts play a decisive role in shaping their practical application through interpretation guided by the principle of proportionality.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Transformation of Forensics in the Digital Age: Challenges and Perspectives of Artificial Intelligence]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/bjlp-2026-0005</link>
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            <pubDate>Thu, 27 Aug 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The authors of this article examine the increasingly widespread use of artificial intelligence tools and analyze the essence of their application in forensics. The implementation of AI raises fundamental questions regarding the nature of forensic cognition, the role of the investigator, and the transformation of professional competencies. In assessing the intersection between artificial intelligence and forensics, the article explores whether AI can fully replace human actions and whether it functions merely as an auxiliary tool or fundamentally transforms forensic methodology. The purpose of the article is to evaluate the challenges and prospects associated with the use of artificial intelligence in forensics. The authors analyze the main challenges and opportunities of AI application in forensics and assess its impact on forensic didactics, including the development of investigators’ (criminalists’) competencies.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Mapping Meaningfulness: Stakeholder Engagement Models in Nordic Large-Cap Technology Firms]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/bjlp-2026-0009</link>
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            <pubDate>Thu, 27 Aug 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This article examines how stakeholder engagement is structured and practiced in corporate sustainability disclosures of Nordic large cap technology firms listed on Nasdaq Nordic Stock Exchange and assesses the extent to which such engagement enables meaningful stakeholder influence. It develops a typology of stakeholder engagement models and evaluates their implications for corporate governance and accountability.The study is based on qualitative document analysis of 2024 sustainability and annual reports of large cap technology firms listed on the Nasdaq Nordic Stock Exchange as of 20 January 2026. Using an interpretive coding approach, stakeholder engagement practices were analysed in terms of the locus of responsibility, organisational design of engagement processes, and the degree of stakeholder influence on decision-making. This analysis led to the identification of four stake-holder engagement models.Four models are conceptualised: centralised, decentralised, ecosystem-driven, and participa-tory (co-governance), ordered according to increasing levels of stakeholder influence. While the first three models are empirically observable, the participatory model is absent and functions as a normative benchmark. Overall, engagement practices remain predominantly consultative and compliance-oriented, with limited evidence of direct stakeholder influence on strategic decision-making.The study relies on self-reported corporate disclosures and does not capture informal practices or internal decision dynamics. The typology nonetheless provides an analytical framework for organisations and regulators to assess whether stakeholder engagement moves beyond consultation toward meaningful influence in sustainability governance.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Conditions of Service for Senior Executives in Lithuanian and Estonian Civil Service and Their Relation to Public Value Creation]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/bjlp-2026-0006</link>
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            <pubDate>Thu, 27 Aug 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Public value management theory treats public institution managers as leaders who create organ-isational value through the engagement of citizens, politicians and stakeholders, and implement public value through co-creation and innovation. As the institutionalisation practice of higher civil service expands, the need to understand how the implementation of reforms, the formation of service conditions and the formation of leadership identities impair their ability to create public value becomes apparent. The aim of this article is to examine these processes in two young democracies – Estonia and Lithuania. The study is based on qualitative data collected from interviews with academic experts and individuals who participated in overseeing and/or implementing civil service reforms in the studied countries, and officials responsible for the implementation of higher civil service policy. The results reveal close links between the reforms being implemented, service conditions and the formation of leaders’ identities, which influence their ability to create public value. However, the study also identifies factors that may limit these opportunities – gaps in the ethos of political neutrality, the involvement of politicians in the selection processes of leaders and informal rotation practices. The findings of the study contribute to broader discussions about the directions of civil service reforms and the creation of conditions to increase the attractiveness of these systems and their ability to generate public value in young democracies.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Proportionality Allocation Between Governmental Branches: Lessons from the Czech Republic]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/bjlp-2026-0002</link>
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            <pubDate>Thu, 27 Aug 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The proportionality of legal rules can be ensured by the legislature, the executive or the judiciary. This article examines how the allocation of responsibility for proportionality assessments between the branches affects the protection of fundamental rights. Based on the distinction between individual (case-by-case) and general (model-based) proportionality tests, the article argues that legislatures should primarily be responsible for general proportionality and incorporate rights-sensitive standards into statutory texts. Through a qualitative doctrinal analysis of Czech jurisprudence, the article explores types of (mis)alignment between proportionality tests and institutional roles. Firstly, it examines project-specific statutes where Parliament decides on individual cases; secondly, it elaborates on vague legislative frameworks that delegate all proportionality considerations to administrative authorities and courts; thirdly, it evaluates judicial insistence on case-by-case balancing, despite reasonably clear legislative schemes; and finally it discusses the possibility of judicially striking down vague norms. These case studies demonstrate that an overreliance on individualised proportionality can undermine legal certainty, equal treatment and democratic accountability while encouraging legislative buck-passing. Conversely, striking down under-specified statutes and requiring legislatures to articulate clearer, more differentiated general standards can improve foreseeability without weakening judicial review.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Synthetic Fast Food? Auditing Generative Ai’s Representations of European States]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/bjlp-2026-0004</link>
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            <pubDate>Thu, 27 Aug 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This article explores how Generative AI visually and textually represents national identities and cultures, focusing on depictions of selected Western and Eastern/Central European states. Patterns of bias embedded in AI-generated depictions of everyday life, work, family, national character etc. are identified. The article reveals a fragmented vision of “synthetic Europe”: Eastern/Central European countries are predominantly portrayed through rural, traditional, and often backward-looking imagery while Western Europe is depicted as urban, albeit in a romanticised and historicised ways. These patterns reflect and reinforce existing stereotypes, historical hierarchies, and power disparities. The findings highlight the potential role of the “coded gaze” in perceptions of the continent and likely trajectories for producing and perpetuating bias through an increasingly shared human-AI agency. The article serves as an illustration case of the potential of AI auditing that moves beyond technical compliance to address the normative and cultural dimensions of bias.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Tort Liability for Omissions in the Context of Corporate Climate Liability]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/bjlp-2026-0008</link>
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            <pubDate>Thu, 27 Aug 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The growing body of climate litigation has increasingly focused on the role of corporations in contributing to climate change, not only through harmful acts but also through failures to act. This article explores tort liability for omissions in the context of corporate climate liability, with a particular focus on the Estonian legal system. It examines how omissions – such as failing to reduce emissions, implement mitigation measures, or meet evolving standards of care – can constitute unlawful conduct when linked to a duty to act. The analysis addresses the traditional reluctance to impose liability for omissions, grounded in philosophical, political, moral, and economic considerations, and shows how these rationales are being challenged by the systemic and cumulative nature of climate harm. Particular attention is devoted to the preconditions for liability – protective norms, duties to maintain safety, and fault – as well as the difficulties of proving causal connections in multi-actor settings. Drawing on key developments such as Milieudefensie v. Shell, Lliuya v. RWE, and the KlimaSeniorinnen judgment, the article highlights the gradual expansion of enforceable climate duties. Ultimately, it argues that omissions-based liability, while limited, may serve as an important complement to public regulation by concentrating liability on those corporate actors with disproportionate capacity to prevent climate-related harm.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Constitutional Courts and Same-Sex Family Rights: The Case of Lithuania within the Eastern and Central European Context]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/bjlp-2025-0012</link>
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            <pubDate>Mon, 09 Mar 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[In recent decades, Europe has witnessed considerable advancement in the legal recognition of same-sex couples’ family relationships; nevertheless, Lithuania remains among the most conservative member states of the EU in addressing this matter. This article aims to analyse the jurisprudence of the Lithuanian Constitutional Court related to same-sex couples’ family rights and assess its role in shaping the legal recognition of same-sex couples in Lithuania. It does so within a broader comparative framework, examining similar decisions of constitutional courts across Eastern and Central Europe. To reach this, the following tasks are undertaken and dealt with:1) to contextualise the issue within the legal and social environment of Eastern and Central Europe, focusing on constitutional jurisprudence of these countries; 2) to discuss the attitude of Lithuanian society towards the legal recognition of same-sex family relations and examine national legal provisions relevant to this issue; 3) to analyse the cases examined by the Lithuanian Constitutional Court and the constitutional doctrine relevant to the recognition of same-sex family relationships.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Between Belonging and Feeling of Strangeness: A Phenomenology of Russian Migrant Experiences in Lithuania]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/bjlp-2025-0018</link>
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            <pubDate>Mon, 09 Mar 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The article examines the integration experiences of Russian political migrants in Lithuania, analyzing politics as everyday experience. Migration is understood here not only as an institutional or legal category, but also as an existential process that transforms the horizons of time, language, social relations and belonging. Based on the data of eleven qualitative interviews, four main levels of experience are revealed: the creation of “we-links”, time discrepancies, asymmetries of knowledge and experiences of strangeness. The analysis shows that waiting time in institutions becomes a form of political power that disciplines migrants’ biographies; language barriers reveal that linguistic experience is not only an expression of communication, but also of limitation; the experience of strangeness testifies to limited opportunities for civic participation; and fragmented integration practices indicate gaps in state responsibility, which are filled by non-governmental initiatives and diasporic networks. The results suggest that the fragility of belonging is a structural condition for integration, and the perspective of loyalty in Lithuania is manifested in everyday experiences – from language choices to the fragmentation of social ties. The article contributes to the discussions in the phenomenology of politics by showing that political reality is inscribed for migrants not only through legal decisions, but also through the existential structures of everyday life that determine their relationship with the state and society.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[The Application of Large Language Models in Enforcing Prohibitions against Hate Speech in Lithuanian]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/bjlp-2025-0016</link>
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            <pubDate>Mon, 09 Mar 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used to detect and explain hate speech, yet their potential role within evidentiary processes remains underexplored. This article examines whether and how LLMs can support the enforcement of legal prohibitions against hate speech in Lithuania, focusing on the post-detection phase of legal analysis and case preparation. It first outlines the mechanics and evolutionary trends of LLMs, the specific risks associated with their deployment in a low-resource language such as Lithuanian, and the applicable substantive and procedural standards governing hate speech. Building on this framework, the article proposes and experimentally validates a conceptual “moot court” model in which distinct LLM agents assume the roles of plaintiff, defendant, and judge to generate structured legal arguments and reasoned decisions in Lithuanian hate speech cases. The findings indicate that, under carefully engineered constraints, LLMs can reliably distinguish criminal hate speech from lawful expression, reduce the cognitive burden on legal actors, and triangulate human and automated assessments, while persistent risks of hallucinations and opacity preclude their use as stand-alone evidence and instead support a complementary, assistive role in judicial practice.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Internal Control Systems in the Municipalities of the European Union: A Bureaucratic Burden or an Essential Component of Governance?]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/bjlp-2025-0019</link>
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            <pubDate>Mon, 09 Mar 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This study explores the role of internal control systems in the municipalities of the European Union, with particular emphasis on risk management and the systems’ effectiveness in combating corruption, ensuring fairness in public procurement, and reducing political influence and the mismanagement of public funds. Drawing on assessments by international institutions, the publication addresses the question of whether internal control systems constitute a bureaucratic burden or, rather, represent a vital component of effective municipal governance. An analysis of international regulatory frameworks reveals that European Union law does not require member state municipalities to establish a comprehensive internal control system. The article presents a comparative analysis of municipal governance in Denmark and Hungary, examining its impact on the quality of public administration and, consequently, on public trust. These examples demonstrate the utility of effective internal control systems at the municipal level. The findings indicate that strengthening internal controls can reduce corruption risks, improve public procurement processes, foster political integrity, and overall enhance the quality of municipal governance, thereby increasing public trust in both municipalities and the decisions made by municipal councils.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Judicial Autonomy Under Pressure: A Critical Analysis of Internal Independence in Administrative Courts]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/bjlp-2025-0014</link>
            <guid isPermaLink="false">/article/10.2478/bjlp-2025-0014</guid>
            <pubDate>Mon, 09 Mar 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This study presents a holistic examination of internal judicial independence within Ukraine’s administrative courts amidst ongoing judicial reform challenges. Through an analysis of European Court of Human Rights jurisprudence and domestic administrative justice practices, the research investigates various forms of influence on judicial independence, categorizing them through a four-dimensional framework: manifestations, actors, implementation methods, and frequency patterns. The investigation particularly focuses on systemic threats to judicial autonomy, including unofficial relationships among judges and hierarchical oversight practices. Drawing from High Council of Justice appeals, the research identifies key patterns of improper influence and proposes corresponding preventive measures. The findings emphasize the necessity for an integrated approach to strengthening judicial independence within Ukraine’s reform context, encompassing both legislative improvements and institutional safeguards. The study also establishes a clear correlation between judges’ internal independence and public trust in Ukraine’s judicial system.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[The Right to Consular Assistance: Development, Relation with Due Process, and Application]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/bjlp-2025-0015</link>
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            <pubDate>Mon, 09 Mar 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The article analyses the nature of the right to consular assistance from a historical perspective and the practice of international tribunals. It argues that the right to consular assistance is not a human right since it prescribes no autonomous standard of treatment. Consular assistance is not necessary to compensate for the vulnerability of the detained foreigner since the situation may be restored by the measures under the national legislation of the receiving State. The article explains that there is no obligation under international law to provide consular assistance by the sending State. The receiving State has the duty to perform its obligations under Article 36 of the VCCR once there are grounds to believe that the detainee is a foreign national and the stage of investigation provides for the possibility of notification. The VCCR does not establish an exhaustive list of the requirements for the waiver of the right to consular assistance by the detainee. Its validity is to be assessed in accordance with the standards of the invoked human right.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Recognition of Foreign Administrative Acts in the Baltic States and Digitalisation Perspectives]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/bjlp-2025-0013</link>
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            <pubDate>Mon, 09 Mar 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The recognition of foreign administrative acts has been well studied in the Nordic countries, but has received little attention in the Baltic legal literature. This article identifies the main concepts of recognition of foreign administrative acts under international and European Union law, and analyses the recognition in the context of the Baltic States. The article elaborates on possible opportunities and conditions to enhance mutual recognition of foreign administrative acts beyond the recognition mechanisms under European Union law, as well as to broaden the perspectives of digitalisation in the recognition of foreign administrative acts in the Baltic States.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Incitement to Hatred. Comparative Analysis of Legislative Consolidation and Practical Application]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/bjlp-2025-0017</link>
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            <pubDate>Mon, 09 Mar 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[A very common rule in the criminal law of various countries is the liability for inciting hatred towards groups of people united by race, nationality, language, religion, political views, social status, or gender. Law enforcement officers often encounter difficulties in qualifying these acts. Incorrect application of criminal law may entail not only the violation of the rights of the accused but also damage to public debate. At the same time, failure to apply criminal law when necessary threatens the rights and legitimate interests of representatives of various social groups.The research questions are how legislators in Lithuania, Poland, France and Germany establish criminal liability for incitement to hatred, how the provisions of the law are implemented in practice. The aim of the work is to enrich the scientific base on this issue and formulate recommendations for law enforcement officers and legislators. The main research methods are the formal-legal and comparative-legal methods. In conclusion, it can be highlighted that there are significant differences in the definition and application of the concept of “incitement to hatred” across jurisdictions and judicial bodies, which leads to conflicting judicial decisions and unresolved questions for law enforcement regarding protected groups and the distinction between incitement and legitimate criticism.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[The Idea of Co-Nation and the International Protection of Linguistic Rights: Lessons from Belarus]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/bjlp-2025-0011</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 07 Oct 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This study examines the challenges of implementing linguistic rights for national minorities and the titular nation in Belarus, focusing on the Belarusian, Lithuanian, and Polish languages. It explores theoretical aspects of linguistic rights and the international norms regulating them, analyzing the historical and legal context to understand the current landscape. The distinction between lex generalis and lex specialis in international law creates barriers to realizing linguistic and cultural rights. The author proposes the concept of “co-nation” to recognize minorities and the titular nation as equal partners, fostering unity against oppression. Utilizing the principle of “good faith” as an ethical assessment tool, the study reveals how concepts like “abuse of rights” and “mens rea” expose the root causes of non-fulfillment of obligations, affecting state accountability under international treaties. The study emphasizes that actions threatening cultural and linguistic heritage could lead to international criminal liability for genocide, as demonstrated by tribunal practices.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[State Functions in Latvia Through an Institutional Prism: The Constitution as a Pedestal]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/bjlp-2025-0009</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 07 Oct 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The article offers a conceptual perspective on the relevance of the theory of state organs developed in the 19th century in Germany for contemporary state theory in Latvia. The article treats the genesis of the understanding of the state institutions since the regaining of independence in the 1990s. Taking into account the phenomenon of “flood of laws” progressing today, one of its manifestations is the constant discussion of amendments to the constitution, including adding new institutions to the constitution. In the absence of serious doctrinally based arguments and filters strengthened by legal culture, the legislator can use the power granted to it to amend the constitution without sufficiently comprehensively considering and amending the well-functioning mechanism of checks and balances between the three branches of power, which was established before World War II.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Key Determinants of Poles’ Voting Preferences in the 2023 SEJM Elections]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/bjlp-2025-0007</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 07 Oct 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The desire to know the key determinants of voters’ voting preferences is the domain not only of political scientists, but also of politicians in charge of party programmes and election campaigns. The 2023 parliamentary elections in Poland were an extremely interesting election in this respect, and the electoral preferences of Poles were very diverse and fragmented. The aim of this article is to answer the question of what factors determined the voting behaviour of Poles during the 2023 parliamentary elections. The article analyzes survey data collected after that election on a representative group of voters. The conclusions of the survey indicate that the factors determining the casting of a vote for a particular electoral committee varied among the voters of different electoral committees, but the key ones were the private political views of the respondents and the programmes of the parties and their candidates.]]></description>
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