References
- Baldwin, R. and Forslid, R. (2020) Globotics and development: when manufacturing is jobless and services are tradable, NBER Working Paper, 26731. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3386/w26731
- Bayar, Y., Remeikienė, R. and Gasparėnienė, L. (2020) ‘Intellectual property rights, R&D expenditures, and high-tech exports in the EU transition economies’, Journal of International Studies, 13(1), pp. 143–154. Available at: https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-8330.2020/13-1/9
- Beamish, P.W. (1990) ‘The internationalisation process for smaller Ontario firms: a research agenda’, in A.M. Rugman (ed) Research in global strategic management: international business research for the twenty-first century. Canada’s new research agenda. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press Inc.
- Canarella, G. and Miller, S.M. (2018) ‘The determinants of growth in the U.S. information and communication technology (ICT) industry: a firm-level analysis’, Economic Modelling, 70, pp. 259–271. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2017.11.011
- Carboni, O.A. and Medda, G. (2020) ‘Linkages between R&D, innovation, investment and export performance: evidence from European manufacturing firms’, Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 32(12), pp. 1379–1392. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/09537325.2020.1769841
- Cattaneo, O., Engman, M., Saez, S., Stern, R.M. (eds) (2010) International trade in services: new trends and opportunities for developing countries. Washington, DC: World Bank. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1596/978-0-8213-8353-7
- Cioacă, S.I., Cristache, S.E., Vuţă, M., Marin, E. and Vuţă, M. (2020) ‘Assessing the impact of ICT sector on sustainable development in the European Union: an empirical analysis using panel data’, Sustainability, 12(2). Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/su12020592
- Coad, A. and Vezzani, A. (2017) ‘Manufacturing the future: is the manufacturing sector a driver of R&D, exports and productivity growth?’, JRC Working Papers on Corporate R&D and Innovation, 06/2017. Sevilla: European Commission Joint Research Centre (JRC).
- Davis, D.R. (1995) ‘Intra-industry trade: a Heckscher-Ohlin-Ricardo approach’, Journal of International Economics, 39(3–4), pp. 201–226. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1996(95)01383-3
- De Prato, J., Nepelski, D. and Stancik, J. (2011) Internationalisation of ICT R&D. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
- Dølvik, J.E. and Martin, A. (eds) (2014) European social models from crisis to crisis: employment and inequality in the era of monetary integration. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198717966.001.0001
- Dunning, J.H. and Lundan, S.M. (2008) ‘Institutions and the OLI paradigm of the multinational enterprise’, Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 25, pp. 573–593. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-007-9074-z
- Esping-Andersen, G. (1990) The three worlds of welfare capitalism. Cambridge: Blackwell Publishing.
- European Commission (2022) Science, research and innovation performance of the EU 2022: building a sustainable future in uncertain times, Directorate-General for Research and Innovation. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. Available at: https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2777/78826 (Accessed: 4 March 2025).
- Eurostat (no date) Eurostat database. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/data/database (Accessed: 4 March 2025).
- Eurostat (2023) Eurostat science and technology glossary. Luxembourg: Eurostat.
- Fernandes, C.I.M.A.S., Ferreira, J.J.M., Lobo, C.A. and Raposo, M. (2020) ‘The impact of market orientation on the internationalisation of SMEs’, Review of International Business and Strategy, 30(1), pp. 123–143. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1108/RIBS-09-2019-0120
- Grossman, G.M. and Helpman, E. (1991) ‘Trade, knowledge spillovers, and growth’, European Economic Review, 35(2), pp. 517–526. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-2921(91)90153-A
- Grossman, G.M. and Helpman, E. (2021) Innovation and growth in the global economy. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Available at: https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/innovation-and-growth-global-economy (Accessed: 4 March 2025).
- Grupp, H. (1995) ‘Science, high technology and the competitiveness of EU countries’, Cambridge Journal of Economics, 19(1), pp. 209–223. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.cje.a035304
- Guerrieri, P., Luciani, M. and Meliciani, V. (2011) ‘The determinants of investment in information and communication technologies’, Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 20(4), pp. 387–403. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/10438599.2010.526313
- Guravsar, G.S., Karatepe, S. and Karagoz, M. (2010) ‘The impact of R&D intensity on high-tech exports’. Available at: https://www.academia.edu/37174504/The_Impact_of_R_and_D_Intensity_on_High_Tech_Exports (Accessed: 4 March 2025).
- Hagsten, E. and Kotnik, P. (2016) ‘ICT as facilitator of internationalization in small and medium-sized firms’, Small Business Economics, 48, pp. 431–446. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-016-9781-2
- Ipsmiller, E. and Dikova, D. (2021) ‘Internationalization from Central and Eastern Europe: a systematic literature review’, Journal of International Management, 27, article 100862. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intman.2021.100862
- Kabaklarli, E., Sami, D.M. and Telli Üçler, Y. (2018) ‘High-technology exports and economic growth: panel data analysis for selected OECD countries’, Forum Scientiae Oeconomia, 6(2), pp. 47–60. Available at: https://doi.org/10.23762/FSO_VOL6NO2_18_4
- Karahan, Ö. (2015) ‘Intensity of business enterprise R&D expenditure and high-tech specification in European manufacturing sector’, Procedia: Social and Behavioral Sciences, 195(3), pp. 806–813. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.06.180
- Kittová, Z. and Steinhauser, D. (2020) ‘Science, technology and export—the EU case’, in E. Popkova and B. Sergi (eds) Artificial intelligence: anthropogenic nature vs. social origin. (ISC conference, Volgograd 2020. Advances in intelligent systems and computing). Cham: Springer, pp. 519–534. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39319-9_59
- Koski, H., Rouvinen, P. and Ylä-Anttila, P. (2002) ‘ICT clusters in Europe: the great central banana and the small Nordic potato’, Information Economics and Policy, 14(2), pp. 145–165. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-6245(01)00064-6
- Krugman, P. (1979) ‘A model of innovation, technology transfer, and the world distribution of income’, Journal of Political Economy, 87(2), pp. 253–266. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1086/260755
- Lengyel, B. (2012) ‘The Hungarian ICT sector: a comparative CEE perspective with special emphasis on structural change’, in P. Welfens (ed) Clusters in automotive and information & communication technology. Berlin: Springer, pp. 59–85. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-25816-9_2
- Lindmark, S., Turlea, G. and Ulbrich, M. (2010) ‘Business R&D in the ICT sector: examining the European ICT R&D deficit’, Science and Public Policy, 37(6), pp. 413–428. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3152/030234210x508624
- Love, J.H. and Ganotakis, P. (2013) ‘Learning by exporting: lessons from high-technology SMEs’, International Business Review, 22(1), pp. 1–17. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2012.01.006
- Nevado-Peña, D., López-Ruiz, V.-R. and Alfaro-Navarro, J.L. (2019) ‘Improving quality of life perception with ICT use and technological capacity in Europe’, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 148, article 119734. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2019.119734
- NIFU (2016) ‘Internationalisation of business expenditures on R&D and analysis of their economic impact (BERD flows)’. Oslo: NIFU. Available at https://nifu.brage.unit.no/nifu-xmlui/handle/11250/2440009 (Accessed: 4 March 2025).
- Nunes, P.M., Serrasqueiro, Z. and Leitão, J. (2012) ‘Is there a linear relationship between R&D intensity and growth? Empirical evidence of non-high-tech vs. high-tech SMEs’, Research Policy, 41(1), pp. 36–53. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2011.08.011
- OECD (2015) Frascati Manual 2015: guidelines for collecting and reporting data on research and experimental development, the measurement of scientific, technological and innovation activities. Paris: OECD Publishing. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264239012-en
- OECD (2018) OECD statistics on international trade in services. Vol. 2018 Issue 1: Detailed tables by service category. Paris: OECD Publishing. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1787/sits-v2018-1-en
- OECD (2023) ICT goods exports. Paris: OECD. Available at: https://goingdigital.oecd.org/en/indicator/75 (Accessed: 4 March 2025).
- OECD (2024) Main science and technology indicators. Paris: OECD. Available at: https://www.oecd.org/en/data/datasets/main-science-and-technology-indicators.html (Accessed: 4 March 2025).
- Pelikánová, R. (2023) ‘R&D expenditure and innovation in the EU and selected Member States’, Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Innovation, 15(1), pp. 13–34. Available at: https://doi.org/10.7341/20191511
- Piekkola, H. (2018) ‘Internationalization via export growth and specialization in Finnish regions’, Cogent Economics & Finance, 6(1), article 1514574. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2018.1514574
- Plăcintă, D. et al. (2021) ‘The impact of ICT investments on GDP in Central and South-East Europe’, Informatica Economică, 26(2), pp. 20–28. Available at: https://doi.org/10.24818/issn14531305/26.2.2022.02
- Porter, M.E. (1990) The competitive advantage of nations. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business Review. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-11336-1
- Posner, M.V. (1961) ‘International trade and technical change’, Oxford Economic Papers, 13(3), pp. 323–341. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.oep.a040877
- Potužáková, Z. and Öhm, J. (2018) ‘R&D investments, EPO patent applications and the economic heterogeneity within the EU’, Review of Economic Perspectives, 18(2), pp. 177–191. Available at: https://doi.org/10.2478/revecp-2018-0010
- Potužáková, Z. and Öhm, J. (2020) ‘Internationalization, the highly qualified and the innovation output’, Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis, 68(1), pp. 219–228. Available at: https://doi.org/10.11118/actaun202068010219
- Romer, P.M. (1990) ‘Endogenous technological change’, Journal of Political Economy, 98(5), pp. 71–102. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1086/261725
- Sandu, S. and Ciocanel, B. (2014) ‘Impact of R&D and innovation on high-tech export’, Procedia Economics and Finance, 15, pp. 80–90. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(14)00450-X
- Sapir, A. (2005) Globalization and the reform of the European social models, Bruegel Policy Brief, 1. Brussels: Bruegel.
- Seyoum, B. (2005) ‘Determinants of levels of high technology exports: an empirical investigation’, Advances in Competitiveness Research, 13(1), pp. 64–79.
- Srholec, M. (2005) ‘High-tech exports from developing countries: a symptom of technology spurts or statistical illusion?’, Review of World Economics, 143(2), pp. 227–255. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10290-007-0106-z
- Sullivan, M. (2019) The levelling: what’s next after globalisation. Oxford: University College Oxford.
- UNCTAD (no date) UnctadStat database. Geneva: UNCTAD. Available at: https://unctadstat.unctad.org/datacentre/ (Accessed: 4 March 2025).
- UNCTAD (2023) Key statistics and trends in trade policy 2023. Geneva: UNCTAD. Available at: https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/ditctab2024d2_en.pdf (Accessed: 4 March 2025).
- Vernon, R. (1966) ‘International investment and international trade in the product cycle’, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 80(2), pp. 190–207. Available at: https://doi.org/10.2307/1880689
- Vlčková, J. and Stuchlíková, Z. (2023) ‘Patents, exports and technological specialization at the state level in Germany’, AUC Geographica, 56(2), pp. 131–143. Available at: https://doi.org/10.14712/23361980.2021.7
- Wadeson, N. (2020) ‘Internationalisation theory and Born Globals’, Multinational Business Review, 28(4), pp. 447–461. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1108/MBR-10-2019-0123
- Welch, L.S. and Luostarinen, R.K. (1993) ‘Inward-outward connections in internationalization’, Journal of International Marketing, 1(1), pp. 44–56. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/1069031X9300100104
- World Bank (2024) Prosperity Data 360. Washington, DC: World Bank. Available at: https://prosperitydata360.worldbank.org/en/dataset/OECD+MSTI (Accessed: 4 March 2025).