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        <title>TalTech Journal of European Studies Feed</title>
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            <title>TalTech Journal of European Studies Feed</title>
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            <link>https://sciendo.com/journal/BJES</link>
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        <copyright>All rights reserved 2026, Tallinn University of Technology</copyright>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Understanding the manifold approaches that shape research, development and innovation policies]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bjes-2025-0029</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bjes-2025-0029</guid>
            <pubDate>Fri, 12 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

This study examines the intersection of intellectual property (IP) law, social systems theory and ethical considerations in shaping sustainable research, development and innovation (RDI) policies. It highlights how IP rights incentivize innovation while simultaneously raising ethical concerns and issues of distributive justice, particularly in the context of access to technology and essential goods. The research explores the role of ethical frameworks—including utilitarian, deontological and Rawlsian perspectives—in addressing these tensions and argues for a balanced approach that aligns private incentives with societal welfare. Social systems theory provides a valuable lens for analyzing how cultural, economic, social, and strategic capitals interact to influence RDI sustainability. Case studies in biotechnology, pharmaceuticals and digital innovation illustrate the real-world implications of these interactions. The study further considers regulatory mechanisms, such as compulsory licensing and ethical constraints in patent law, as tools to mitigate inequities in access to innovation. Ultimately, the research underscores the need for an integrated, ethically grounded legal framework that fosters both technological advancement and social justice in global RDI policies.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Intelligent AML systems: using deep learning to detect financial fraud]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bjes-2025-0032</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bjes-2025-0032</guid>
            <pubDate>Fri, 12 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

Financial fraud involving drop accounts is a major challenge for banking institutions and anti-money laundering (AML) systems. Fraudsters exploit weaknesses in transaction monitoring, making illicit fund transfers difficult to detect. Traditional methods struggle with the complexity and speed of financial flows, especially in cryptocurrency transactions, highlighting the need for advanced analytical approaches. This study proposes a graph neural network (GNN) approach that models financial transactions as a structured graph, allowing the detection of hidden fraudulent patterns. Unlike rule-based and conventional machine learning methods, GNNs effectively capture relational dependencies between entities, thereby improving fraud detection. The proposed graph convolutional network (GCN) was tested on the Elliptic Data Set of over 200,000 cryptocurrency transactions and achieved a 93% accuracy rate, outperforming traditional models.
Our findings demonstrate that GNNs significantly improve the identification of suspicious transactions and can be integrated into modern AML systems for real-time monitoring and thus strengthen financial security.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Towards fair AI in Estonia’s public service: discussing and disseminating bias prevention in automated decision-making]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bjes-2025-0037</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bjes-2025-0037</guid>
            <pubDate>Fri, 12 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

Estonia is recognized as a pioneer state in digitalizing its public services, particularly through its integration of artificial intelligence (AI) systems. However, the lack of tailored strategies and tools to address biases in AI-based decision-making in Estonian public services processes poses significant ethical challenges. This study explores the strategies and tools available to identify and prevent bias in automated decision-making (ADM) processes and ways of their dissemination. It draws from the European Commission-funded EquiTech project, which seeks to ensure fairness in algorithmic decision-making in public services. Employing mainly qualitative methodology, the study draws on literature review, document analysis and discussions conducted in the framework of the EquiTech project. Through this exploration and dissemination, the study contributes to the conceptualization of tailored strategies and tools in Estonia, ensuring fairness in ADM processes within public services, promoting equitable digital governance and mitigating discriminatory outcomes.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[From theory to practice: implementing European legal education paradigms and digital innovations in Georgia]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bjes-2025-0030</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bjes-2025-0030</guid>
            <pubDate>Fri, 12 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

European legal education is undergoing a rapid transformation, driven by the need to prepare lawyers for a globalized and digital society. This study critically examines how the core elements of the European legal education paradigm— technological integration, practical skills development and internationalization—can be realistically adapted in Georgian law faculties.
The Bologna Process promotes harmonization of higher legal education standards, interdisciplinary approaches and the development of critical and analytical skills. Equally important is the integration of practical skills and technological competencies through innovative teaching methods such as case analyses, simulations and problem-based learning. The research analyzes how these methods, alongside increased internationalization and collaboration with European universities, contribute to modernizing legal education in Georgia.
The study sets out three specific objectives: to analyze the implementation of European educational models in Georgian universities, to assess the technological capacity and practical readiness of Georgian law faculties and to develop targeted recommendations based on empirical findings within the Georgian context.
The analysis draws on recent academic sources and practical examples, ensuring that the recommendations are grounded in the realities of Georgian higher education. The findings demonstrate that while the formal adoption of European standards is underway, significant gaps remain in practical training, technological infrastructure and institutional collaboration. The proposed recommendations directly address these gaps, providing actionable steps for policymakers and educators to enhance both the quality and relevance of legal education in Georgia.
Modern higher education must adapt to technological advances, using contemporary methods to prepare youth for the current labor market. Integrating multidisciplinary components (economics, medicine and technology) alongside professional expertise cultivates versatile skills that are resistant to technological replacement. A lawyer with diverse abilities is less likely to be automated out of practice. To explore these aspects, this article employs normative, dogmatic, analytical, synthetic and general sociological methods.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Global norms and regional innovation: GDPR, evolution of data protection in ASEAN and the legal trajectory of AI in Vietnam]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bjes-2025-0039</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bjes-2025-0039</guid>
            <pubDate>Fri, 12 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

Personal data protection has emerged as a defining challenge of the digital age, particularly with the rise of artificial intelligence (AI) and the increasing reliance on cross­border data flows. The European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) has set a global benchmark in this field, with its extraterritorial scope—the so-called Brussels Effect—provoking extensive debate worldwide. In ASEAN, with its accelerating digital transformation and economic integration, data protection laws are being reshaped under both global influences and local priorities. This study aims to identify the factors that have enabled GDPR standards to influence evolving legal frameworks of ASEAN and to examine how its member states are responding to global pressures, while simultaneously addressing the distinct challenges of data governance and regional data integration. Using a doctrinal and comparative approach, the study analyzes the personal data protection frameworks of ASEAN­6, with Vietnam highlighted as a distinctive case. Vietnam stands out for explicitly integrating AI­related provisions into its Personal Data Protection Law, reflecting both the influence of the GDPR and a localized adaptation aligned with strategies for national digital transformation. By examining ASEAN’s varied legal responses and Vietnam’s unique trajectory, the findings underscore the dynamic interplay between global standards and regional innovation. The article contributes insights for policymakers, businesses and scholars navigating data governance in the digital future of Southeast Asia.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Consumer animosity towards Russia and Russian products in Estonia]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bjes-2025-0038</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bjes-2025-0038</guid>
            <pubDate>Fri, 12 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

Consumer animosity towards Russia and its products were surveyed in Estonia in the context of Russian war in Ukraine. The article examines consumer animosity through associations with product judgement, willingness to purchase, product ownership and constructs of consumer ethnocentrism. Consumer animosity covers general animosity, war and economic animosity. The survey conducted for the paper employed quantitative methodology, combining convenience and snowball sampling. The results revealed that 82.7% of respondents in Estonia show clear consumer animosity towards Russia and its products. Consumer animosity varied by age group but no statistically significant variation was found between consumer animosity scores and gender, education level or income groups. The article also explores the overestimation of digital transformation in consumer behaviour in both the European Union and Estonia due to certain consumer segments who prefer in-store shopping and are willing to spend time to seek out desired products that are not available in online retail.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[In memoriam: Tanel Kerikmäe]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bjes-2025-0041</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bjes-2025-0041</guid>
            <pubDate>Fri, 12 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Internationalization, research expenditures and ICT exports in the EU]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bjes-2025-0033</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bjes-2025-0033</guid>
            <pubDate>Fri, 12 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

The ICT sector belongs among the most dynamic and innovative branches of economy. This study aims to focus on the ICT sector in the internationalization process in the European Union, in line with our earlier research on this topic. Our analysis employs GERD and BERD as key indicators of high value-added exports. To capture the output indicator of internationalization, we considered the ICT share of total exports. Two hypotheses were tested: (H1) the higher share of GERD positively correlates with ICT export volumes of goods and services within the EU and (H2) the higher share of BERD positively correlates with ICT export volumes of goods and services within the EU. The overall aim of the paper is to determine whether rising R&amp;D expenditures contribute to greater internationalization via ICT exports within the EU.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Legal limitations and justifications in the training and deployment of generative AI models under copyright law]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bjes-2025-0035</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bjes-2025-0035</guid>
            <pubDate>Fri, 12 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

The article investigates the legal limitations and exceptions relevant to the training and deployment of generative AI models under EU copyright law. It analyzes whether existing copyright exceptions, such as those for temporary reproduction, scientific text and data mining (TDM) and commercial TDM, can be applied to AI training processes. These exceptions generally do not apply due to fundamental technological and conceptual diff erences between traditional TDM and AI model training. The authors also evaluate the applicability of other exceptions (e.g., quotation, parody or private use) to the public use and output of generative AI. Ultimately, the article argues that current legal frameworks inadequately address the unique challenges posed by generative AI technologies.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Enhancing the EU AI Act with CSR: the role of corporate social responsibility in AI regulation]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bjes-2025-0034</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bjes-2025-0034</guid>
            <pubDate>Fri, 12 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

This paper uses the lenses of law and ethics to identify limitations in existing regulatory approaches to artificial intelligence (AI). Regulation is an incomplete solution to the ethical challenges posed by AI. Instead, businesses should take initiative and observe company- and industry-specific self-regulation. In particular, businesses should utilize corporate social responsibility (CSR) principles in anticipatory compliance of future AI regulation. CSR provides a framework capable of addressing inherent AI challenges such as bias, ethics and privacy. This paper discusses the rapid emergence of AI, and lays out the regulatory landscape and the multiple regulatory gaps that include information asymmetry, jurisdiction, cross-border regulation, enforcement, data control, black-box AI, risk classification, accountability and regulatory overreach. After explaining the theoretical underpinnings of CSR, this paper identifies four families of CSR theories and three core CSR concepts found across the four theoretical families: transparency, accountability and sustainability. The paper discusses how CSR principles can enhance the European Union Artificial Intelligence Act. It further proposes that businesses should adopt a proactive, CSR-oriented approach to AI policy and practice.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[European and Hungarian regulatory approaches to online influencers]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bjes-2025-0036</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bjes-2025-0036</guid>
            <pubDate>Fri, 12 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

The article examines the European and Hungarian legal frameworks concerning influencers. With the rise of social media and influencer marketing, clarifying the legal and ethical issues related to the activities of opinion leaders has become increasingly important. Although there is no uniform legislation on influencers in Hungary, the Hungarian Competition Authority and other regulatory bodies have issued several recommendations to ensure transparency in advertising. This article compares Hungarian regulatory solutions against the corresponding practices in other European countries. The fi ndings show that the role of influencers is continuously expanding, which requires a dynamic development of the legal environment and a fi ne-tuning of the regulations to ensure transparency and consumer protection.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Twin transition across Central and Eastern European innovation ecosystems in times of multi-crises: the quintuple-helix perspective]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bjes-2025-0031</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bjes-2025-0031</guid>
            <pubDate>Fri, 12 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

The issue of twin transition is gaining momentum and attracting increasing attention from policymakers, practitioners and researchers, particularly in Western economies. In contrast, Central and Eastern European (CEE) stakeholders have— paradoxically—just started to tackle this issue in very recent years, while comprehensive research on this phenomenon is rather scarce. As such, policy and practitioners’ information are lacking, threatening the attainment of strategic sustainability goals at international and local levels. In times of multi-crises, this situation can be amplified by unexpected events. In response, this study provides a topical contribution to the current knowledge by analyzing the state of the art on the issues of green and digital transformation within CEE innovation ecosystems. Grounded in the quintuple-helix theory perspective and using a qualitative literature review-based approach, we show that CEE countries currently face several structural barriers limiting their twin transitions. These include, for example, high dependency on external knowledge and technologies, weak entrepreneurial initiative, limited absorptive capacity and low eco-awareness. Our findings offer several practical implications for businesses and policymakers, especially in the areas of supporting multi-helix cooperation, preparing more tailored policy initiatives and implementing circular economy practices for higher business resilience. In turn, we highlight the need for circular economy action plans, hubs and living labs based on the different maturity levels of CEE innovation ecosystems.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Terrorism in the age of new technologies]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bjes-2025-0040</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bjes-2025-0040</guid>
            <pubDate>Fri, 12 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

This article examines how the phenomenon of terrorism is being reshaped by rapid advances in digital technology. It aims to provide a comprehensive analytical framework for understanding the impact of encrypted communication, online radicalization, the gamification of violence and emerging cyberterrorist threats. By exploring both the evolving tactics of extremist actors and the new vulnerabilities within modern societies, the study seeks to clarify how technological change is transforming the form and function of contemporary terrorism and to identify key areas for further research and policy response.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Effective enforcement of the EVFTA and the EVIPA: enhancing mutual legal assistance on civil and commercial matters between Vietnam and EU Member States]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bjes-2025-0026</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bjes-2025-0026</guid>
            <pubDate>Sat, 28 Jun 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

The EU–Vietnam Free Trade Agreement (EVFTA) and the EU–Vietnam Investment Protection Agreement (EVIPA) mark a significant milestone in bilateral economic relations. They offer Vietnamese businesses expansive access to the European Union market and enhanced investor protection. However, implementing these agreements presents complex legal challenges, particularly regarding mutual legal assistance (MLA). MLA is critical for safeguarding legal rights, facilitating dispute resolution and strengthening economic cooperation. Though Vietnam has MLA treaties with some EU Member States, further collaboration is crucial to meet the demands of comprehensive integration and ensure the effective implementation of the agreements. Strengthening joint MLA activities with EU Member States can effectively address interconnected legal issues. This can be achieved by formulating concrete solutions to refine the existing legal framework and establishing efficient cooperation mechanisms. This pressing need forms the central objective of this article.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Establishing a legal framework for carbon tax in Vietnam under the impact of the EU–Vietnam Free Trade Agreement]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bjes-2025-0019</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bjes-2025-0019</guid>
            <pubDate>Sat, 28 Jun 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

Vietnam is among the countries most vulnerable to climate change, facing critical challenges, such as rising sea levels, increasing frequency of extreme weather events and substantial greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuel consumption. In response, Vietnam has committed to achieving net-zero emissions by 2050 and is actively exploring carbon-pricing mechanisms. In this context, the implementation of a carbon tax has emerged as a key market-based instrument to internalize the external costs of carbon emissions, incentivize industries to adopt cleaner technologies and drive a transition towards a low-carbon economy. This approach not only aligns with global sustainable development goals, but also strengthens Vietnam’s competitiveness in international markets, where low-carbon products are increasingly prioritized.
Given the current dynamics of economic cooperation with the European Union under the EU–Vietnam Free Trade Agreement (EVFTA), it is imperative for Vietnam to thoroughly learn the EU’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM), which prevents “carbon leakage” by imposing a carbon price on imports of certain goods from countries with less stringent environmental regulations. Critical analyses of the CBAM rules can serve as a basis for Vietnam to design and implement a carbon tax system that effectively addresses sustainable development goals.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Towards enforcement of labor standards in the European Union–Vietnam Free Trade Agreement: can Vietnam leverage the impact of the implementation of corporate social responsibility?]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bjes-2025-0024</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bjes-2025-0024</guid>
            <pubDate>Sat, 28 Jun 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

The European Union–Vietnam Free Trade Agreement (EVFTA) contains fairly comprehensive rules, including noncommercial norms and values, in which labor standards are integrated into the sustainable development content. However, the EVFTA does not create new labor standards; it merely references the Conventions of the International Labor Organization (ILO) and requires members to comply with them. To enforce labor standards under the EVFTA, Vietnam has made significant efforts to ratify the ILO conventions on fundamental labor standards and incorporate these standards into its domestic legal system. In addition, promoting voluntary initiatives by enterprises, such as adopting corporate social responsibility (CSR), should be considered a complementary approach to strengthening the effective implementation of labor standards in Vietnamese businesses.
This article analyzes the current situation of labor standards enforcement in Vietnamese enterprises under the EVFTA and explores the potential role of CSR in ensuring compliance. On the basis of these insights, it presents several recommendations to enhance the adoption of CSR in Vietnam.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Enhancing Vietnamese criminal law on personal data protection in cyberspace to foster cooperation with the European Union]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bjes-2025-0025</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bjes-2025-0025</guid>
            <pubDate>Sat, 28 Jun 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

Protecting personal data in cyberspace is an issue of significant concern to many countries around the world, including Vietnam. The invasion of personal data in cyberspace is currently common in Vietnam; however, these dangerous acts have not been dealt with effectively because of gaps in Vietnamese law regarding personal data in general and Vietnamese criminal law concerning these crimes in particular. By applying analytical-logical and comparative methods, this article aims to refine the provisions of Vietnamese criminal law on personal data protection in cyberspace. Starting by analyzing the provisions related to acts of personal data violation in cyberspace according to Vietnamese law and the shortcomings in their practical application, this article looks at European Union laws, specifically the General Data Protection Regulation and the Budapest Convention on Cybercrime. It then proposes some recommendations for improving Vietnamese criminal law regarding personal data violations in cyberspace to ensure compatibility between Vietnamese law and EU law.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Processing of children’s personal data: a comparative study of the EU legal framework and Vietnamese law]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bjes-2025-0020</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bjes-2025-0020</guid>
            <pubDate>Sat, 28 Jun 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

Children are the future of every nation and constitute a vulnerable group, as they lack the capacity to fully protect themselves. Therefore, the regulations of various countries emphasize the protection of children’s legitimate rights. Especially in the digital age, protecting the personal data of this group has become more complex and presents numerous challenges for nations. In this article, the authors analyze and compare the legal frameworks of the EU and Vietnam regarding the protection of children’s rights in the processing of personal data. The article provides an overview of EU regulations, particularly the 2016 General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), which includes strict rules on the collection and processing of children’s data, requiring explicit consent from parents or guardians. In Vietnam, ‘Decree No. 13/2023/ND-CP’ is the primary legal mechanism analyzed and discussed by the authors, with the aim of highlighting the similarities and differences between the two legal systems. The analysis identifies key shortcomings, including the lack of a “best interests of the child” criterion, the absence of provisions on the “right to be forgotten” in Vietnamese law and the significant discrepancy in fines imposed for personal data violations between Vietnam and the EU. In this spirit, some recommendations are proposed to protect children’s data rights in Vietnamese law based on EU experiences.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism: from a green vision to fading alignment with the WTO and EVFTA: bridging divergences between the EU and developing countries]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bjes-2025-0027</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bjes-2025-0027</guid>
            <pubDate>Sat, 28 Jun 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

The Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) of the European Union (EU) is considered one of the pivotal pillars of the European Green Deal, with the aim of reducing carbon leakage and promoting sustainable development. However, the CBAM, with other unilateral initiatives under the EGD framework, including ‘Renewables Energy Directive Recast’ to 2023 (RED II) and ‘European Regulation on deforestation-free products’, received various negative reactions from EU partners globally, particularly in Southeast Asia. Indonesia and Malaysia, two significant exporters of palm oil to the EU, have initiated claims against the EU’s RED II under the World Trade Organization’s (WTO) dispute settlement mechanism. In this context, the EU’s response to concurrent criticism and disputes within the WTO framework demonstrates clear and consistent strategies aimed at establishing itself as a leader in sustainable development in both global and transcontinental regional trade.
Recent literature also acknowledges that CBAM can be considered the most well-designed EU measure compared to RED II. This is attributed to the EU’s strategic use of the WTO’s temporary impasse and its potential to establish “new norms” through the inclusion of chapters on sustainable development in regional trade agreements. Nevertheless, there is a global debate regarding the compatibility of the CBAM with WTO principles, as it creates disguised trade restrictions and imposes inequitable burdens on developing countries.
In addition, the EU’s implementation of the CBAM imposes regulatory standards beyond its borders, potentially encroaching on other countries’ sovereignty and self-determination in tackling their environmental issues. Notably, the additional carbon tax levied on high-emission imports would nullify the preferential benefits for products from Vietnam from negotiating and signing the EU–Vietnam Free Trade Agreement (EVFTA) and thereby reduce the competitiveness of Vietnamese product exports to the EU market.
This article provides a comprehensive analysis of CBAM regulations, focusing on the development of CBAM from opposition to reluctant acceptance in Southeast Asia, including in Vietnam. Through the lens of the CBAM as a green tax measure and the potential impact of the implementation of CBAM on Vietnam and other Southeast Asian countries, this article clarifies the compatibility of CBAM with WTO legal principles and the justification under Article XX of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and discusses the challenges Vietnam may encounter under the sustainable development chapter of the EVFTA once the CBAM is implemented to draw important insights and implications for future developments in policy and legal practice.
]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Fostering sustainable development under the EU–Vietnam Investment Protection Agreement: a need for enhancing cooperation through support mechanisms]]></title>
            <link>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bjes-2025-0028</link>
            <guid>https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/bjes-2025-0028</guid>
            <pubDate>Sat, 28 Jun 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[

The EU–Vietnam Investment Protection Agreement (EVIPA), signed by the parties in 2019, represents a significant shift from traditional investment treaties by integrating sustainable development objectives and explicitly recognizing the host state’s regulatory autonomy. The agreement also includes a number of provisions aimed at balancing investor protection with public policy goals. However, concerns persist regarding the clarity and effectiveness of these novel regulations for achieving this balance. The parties to the EVIPA have agreed to introduce a groundbreaking investment dispute settlement mechanism designed to enhance legal stability and clarity in the treaty’s interpretation and implementation. This study underscores the importance of prioritizing these mechanisms while addressing existing limitations in the regulatory framework, particularly concerning the right to regulate and exception clauses.
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