References
- Austers, A. & Bukovskis, K., eds. (2017), ‘Euroscepticism in the Baltic States: Uncovering Issues, People and Stereotypes,’ Latvian Institute of International Affairs & Friedrich Ebert Stiftung. Retrieved from http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/baltikum/14119.pdf [accessed 10 Jun 2021]
- Bahovski, E. (2020), ‘First Steps towards the Estonian Media Space,’ Commentary, International Centre for Defence and Security, 2 April. Retrieved from https://icds.ee/en/first-steps-towards-the-estonian-media-space/ [accessed Oct 2023]
- Delfi(2017), ‘Raivo Aeg: nendel valimistel torkab silma meeletu viha, mida on erinevad poliitilised jõud ühiskonda külvanud’ [Raivo Aeg: These elections reveal the intense rage that various political forces have sown in the society], 7 October. Retrieved from https://www.delfi.ee/artikkel/79757788/raivo-aeg-nendel-valimistel-torkab-silma-meeletu-viha-mida-on-erinevad-poliitilised-joud-uhiskonda-kulvanud [accessed 20 Jun 2021]
- Delfi(2020), ‘Uuring: geipaaridel lubaks abielluda pea 40 protsenti eestlastest’ [Survey: Nearly 40 percent of Estonians would allow the marriage of same-sex couples], 27 October. Retrieved from https://www.delfi.ee/artikkel/91478524/uuring-geipaaridel-lubaks-abielluda-pea-40-protsenti-eestlastest [accessed 20 Jun 2021]
- e-Estonia (2019), ‘Estonia as an International Cybersecurity Leader,’ 21 August. Retrieved from https://e-estonia.com/estonia-as-an-international-cybersecurity-leader [accessed 2 Aug 2021]
- Erelt, P. (2020), ‘Abordi vastu aitavad kondoomid, mitte Pätsi-aja keelud’ [Abortion is avoided with condoms, not prohibitions from the Päts era], Eesti Ekspress, 9 December. Retrieved from https://ekspress.delfi.ee/number/91836537/artikkel/91892575/abordi-vastu-aitavad-kondoomid-mitte-patsi-aja-keelud [accessed 20 Jul 2021]
- ERR News (2013), ‘Conservative Politician: If You’re Black, Go Back,’ 29 May. Retrieved from https://news.err.ee/107416/conservative-politician-if-you-re-black-go-back [accessed 10 Jun 2021]
- ERR News (2017), ‘Pooled pagulased Eestist lahkunud: asekantsler tunnistab kava läbikukkumist’ [Half of the refugees have left Estonia: Vice chancellor admits failure of program] 18 October. Retrieved from https://www.err.ee/637342/pooled-pagulased-eestist-lahkunud-asekantsler-tunnistab-kavalabikukkumist [accessed 20 Jul 2021]
- ERR News (2018), ‘Teadlane selgitab, kuidas reageerisid liikmesriigid ja Eesti rändekriisile’ [Scientist explains the response of Member Countries and Estonia to migration crisis], 15 October. Retrieved from https://novaator.err.ee/869062/teadlane-selgitab-kuidas-reageerisid-liikmesriigid-ja-eesti-randekriisile [accessed 20 Jul 2021]
- ERR News (2019), ‘Interior Minister on Hungary Visit,’ 8 July. Retrieved from https://news.err.ee/959530/interior-minister-on-hungary-visit [accessed 10 Jun 2021]
- ERR News (2020), ’Za piat’ let ETV+ stal zhelannym sputnikom russkoiazychnogo naseleniia Estonii’ [In five years, ETV+ has become a welcome companion of the Russian-speaking population of Estonia], 28 September. Retrieved from https://rus.err.ee/1140614/za-pjat-let-etv-stal-zhelannym-sputnikomrusskojazychnogo-naselenija-jestonii [accessed 20 Jul 2021]
- Estonian Internal Security Service (2018), Yearbook of the Estonian Internal Security Service (KAPO), Tallinn: KAPO. Retrieved from https://www.kapo.ee/sites/default/files/public/content_page/Aastaraamat-2018.pdf [accessed 20 Jul 2021]
- Estonian Ministry of Defence (2021), ‘Avalik arvamus riigikaitsest,’ National Defence and Society. Retrieved from https://kaitseministeerium.ee/et/eesmargidtegevused/avalik-arvamus-riigikaitsest [accessed 10 Jun 2021]
- Estonian Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2003), ‘Glance at the Mirror: The Referendum on the 14th of September.’ Retrieved from https://vm.ee/sites/default/files/content-editors/web-static/060/rahvahaaletus.pdf [accessed 10 Jun 2021]
- Estonian Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2008), ‘Estonia Today. Public Opinion on the European Union.’ Retrieved from https://vm.ee/en/public-opinion-european-union [accessed 10 Jun 2021]
- European Commission (2017), Standard Eurobarometer 88, Autumn 2017. Retrieved from https://europa.eu/eurobarometer/surveys/detail/2143 [accessed 24 Aug 2022]
- European Commission (2018), Standard Eurobarometer 90, Autumn 2018. Retrieved from https://data.europa.eu/data/datasets/s2215_90_3_std90_eng?locale=en [accessed 10 Jun 2021]
- European Commission (2019), Standard Eurobarometer, Autumn 2019: Immigration and Climate Change Remain Main Concerns at EU Level. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_19_6839 [accessed 20 Jul 2021]
- European Commission (2021), Standard Eurobarometer 94, Winter 2020–2021: Public Opinion on the European Union. Retrieved from https://europa.eu/eurobarometer/surveys/detail/2355 [accessed 20 Jul 2021]
- Feldmann, M. (2013), ‘From the Rouble Zone to the Euro Zone: The Political Economy of Estonian Macroeconomic Policy,’ Post-Soviet Affairs, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 354–370. https://doi.org/10.1080/1060586X.2013.780799
- Freedom House (2020), ‘Freedom on the Net: Estonia.’ Retrieved from https://freedomhouse.org/country/estonia/freedom-net/2020 [accessed 2 Aug 2021]
- Gleicher, N. (2019), ‘Removing Coordinated Inauthentic Behavior from Russia,’ Meta, January 17. Retrieved from https://newsroom.fb.com/news/2019/01/removing-cib-from-russia/ [accessed Oct 2023]
- Hajdu, D. & Klingova, K. (2020), ‘Voices of Central and Eastern Europe: Perceptions of Democracy & Governance in 10 EU Countries,’ Globsec.org. Retrieved from https://www.globsec.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Voices-of-Central-and-Eastern-Europe-print-version.pdf [accessed 20 Jul 2021]
- Hankewitz, S. (2019), ‘UPDATED: The First Estonian Journalist Leaves a Major Newspaper over Her Views,’ Estonian World, 23 April. Retrieved from https://estonianworld.com/security/the-first-estonian-journalist-leaves-a-major-newspaper-over-her-views/ [accessed Oct 2023]
- Jõesaar, A. (2015), ‘One Country, Two Polarised Audiences: Estonia and the Deficiency of the Audiovisual Media Services Directive,’ Media and Communication, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 45–51. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v3i4.383
- Jõesaar, A.; Jufereva, M. & Rannu, S. (2014), ‘Media For Russian Language Minorities: The Role of Estonian Public Broadcasting (ERR) 1990–2012.’ Central European Journal of Communication, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 81–100.
- Juurvee, I. & Mattiisen, A.-M. (2020), ‘The Bronze Soldier Crisis of 2007: Revisiting an Early Case of Hybrid Conflict,’ International Centre for Defence and Security. Retrieved from https://icds.ee/en/the-bronze-soldier-crisis-of-2007/ [accessed 20 Jul 2021]
- Kantar Emor (2021a), ‘Teleauditooriumi ülevaade veebruaris 2021’ [Survey of TV audiences in February 2021]. Retrieved from https://www.kantaremor.ee/pressiteated/teleauditooriumi-ulevaade-veebruaris-2021/ [accessed 20 Jul 2021]
- Kantar Emor (2021b), ‘Usaldus meedia vastu on kasvanud’ [Trust in the media has grown]. Retrieved from https://www.kantaremor.ee/pressiteated/usaldusmeedia-vastu-on-kasvanud/ [accessed 20 Jul 2021]
- Kerikmäe, T.; Mölder, H. & Chochia, A. (2019), ‘Estonia and the European Union,’ in F. Laursen (ed.) Encyclopedia of European Union Politics, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 1−18. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.1105
- Kruve, V. (2017), ‘Suhkrutrahvi vaidlus kestis 12 aastat ja lõppes kaotusega’ [Debate over charge for surplus sugar lasted for 12 years and ended in defeat]. Retrieved from https://kesknadal.ee/2018/12/17/suhkrutrahvi-vaidlus-kestis-12-aastat-ja-loppes-kaotusega/ [accessed 20 Jul 2021]
- Makarychev A. & Yatsyuk, A. (2019), ‘Europe’s Frontline of Information Wars: Russophone Communities in Estonia and Germany,’ National Identities, Special Issue: The Russian World and Russophone Diasporas at Europe’s Eastern Borderlands, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 221–238. https://doi.org/10.1080/14608944.2019.1634038
- Marsili, M. (2021), ‘The Russian Influence Strategy in Its Contested Neighbourhood,’ in H. Mölder, V. Sazonov, A. Chochia & T. Kerikmäe (eds.) The Russian Federation in Global Knowledge Warfare. Cham: Springer, pp. 149–172. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73955-3_8
- Mölder, H. & Shiraev, E. (2021), ‘Global Knowledge Warfare, Strategic Imagination, Uncertainty and Fear,’ in H. Mölder, V. Sazonov, A. Chochia & T. Kerikmäe (eds.) The Russian Federation in Global Knowledge Warfare, Cham: Springer, pp. 13–32. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73955-3_2
- Propastop (2018), ‘Attention! Provocative Fake News is Circulating in Narva,” 20 December. Retrieved from https://www.propastop.org/eng/2018/12/20/attention-provocative-fake-news-is-circulating-in-narva/ [accessed Oct 2023]
- Propastop (2019), ‘Hashtag ESTexitEU, is being distributed by fake accounts connected to Russia,’ January 4. Retrieved from https://www.propastop.org/eng/2019/01/04/hashtag-estexiteu-is-being-distributed-by-fake-accounts-connected-to-russia/ [accessed Oct 2023]
- Postimees (2018), ‘Meedia keskpunkt: EKRE sündis Tallinna TV ja Keskerakonna armust’ [Media Focus: The Conservative People’s Party was born from the mercy of Tallinn TV and the Centre Party], 13 May. Retrieved from https://www.postimees.ee/4487608/meedia-keskpunkt-ekre-sundis-tallinna-tv-jakeskerakonna-armust [accessed 20 Jul 2021]
- Robbins, J. (2020), ‘Countering Russian Disinformation,’ Centre for Strategic International Studies. Retrieved from https://www.csis.org/blogs/post-soviet-post/countering-russian-disinformation [accessed 19 Aug 2022]
- Saar, A. (2004), Eurobarometer 2004.1: Avalik arvamus kandidaatriikides. Eesti rahvuslik aruanne [Public Opinion in EU Candidate States. Estonian National Report]. Retrieved from http://www.saarpoll.ee/UserFiles/File/eurobaro2004.pdf [accessed 10 Jun 2021]
- Saar Poll (2016), STAK-i trendiuuring. Tulemuste kokkuvõte. Sisekaitseakadeemia [Trend survey. Summary of results], Report for Academy for Security Studies.
- Scroxton, A. (2020), ‘Revealed: Estonia Targeted by Russia-Linked Disinformation Deluge.’ Computer Weekly, 8 April. Retrieved from https://www.computerweekly.com/news/252481370/Revealed-Estonia-targeted-in-Russia-linked-disinformation-deluge [accessed 19 Aug 2022]
- Sepp, R. (2019), ‘Uuring: kooseluseaduse vastased on vähemuses’ [Survey: Opponents to Cohabitation Act now a minority,’ ERR News, 10 June. Retrieved from https://www.err.ee/950895/uuring-kooseluseaduse-vastased-on-vahemuses [accessed 20 Jul 2021]
- Shiraev, E. & Mölder, H. (2020), ‘Global Knowledge Warfare: Using Strategic Imagination to Harness Uncertainty and Fear,’ The Cipher Brief, 31 August. Retrieved from https://www.thecipherbrief.com/global-knowledge-warfare-using-strategic-imagination-to-harness-uncertainty-and-fear [accessed 10 Jun 2021]
- Tambur, S. & Hankewitz, S. (2019), ‘Estonian Liberal Commentator Ahto Lobjakas Resigns in the Face of Self-censorship Demands,’ Estonian World, 27 April. Retrieved from https://estonianworld.com/security/estonian-liberal-commentator-ahto-lobjakas-resigns-in-the-face-of-self-censorship-demands/ [accessed Oct 2023]
- Tammur, A.; Äär, H. & Meres, K. (2015), Statistical Yearbook of Estonia 2015, Tallinn: Eesti Statistikaamet.
- Tammur, A.; Tammaru, T. & Puur, A. (2017), ‘Kas Eestis toimub rändepööre? Välisrände suundumused aastatel 2000–2015’ [Is there a migration turn in Estonia? Trends in international migration in 2000–2015], in Estonian Human Development Report 2016/2017. Retrieved from https://2017.inimareng.ee/ranne-ja-rahvastiku-muutused-eestis-ning-euroopas/kas-eestis-toimubrandepoore/ [accessed 20 Jul 2021]
- Teder, M. (2012), ‘Uuring: eestlased pole samasooliste kooselu registreerimise vastu’ [Survey: Estonians not opposed to registration of cohabitation of same-sex couples], Postimees, 13 September. Retrieved from https://www.postimees.ee/971588/uuring-eestlased-pole-samasooliste-kooselu-registreerimise-vastu [accessed 20 Jul 2021]
- Teperik, D. (2018), Estonia: Disinformation Resilience Index, Kyiv: Ukrainian Prism Foreign Policy Council.
- TNS Emor (2007), ‘Teleauditooriumi ülevaade märtsikuus’ [Survey of television audience in March], 18 April. Retrieved from https://web.archive.Org/web/20070624234011/http://www.emor.ee/arhiiv.Html?id=1756 [accessed 15 Jun 2020]
- Turu-uuringute AS (2021), ‘Eesti inimeste valmidus end COVID-19 vastu vaktsineerida püsib kõrgel’ [Estonian’s willingness to vaccinate against COVID-19 remains high]. Retrieved from https://turu-uuringute.eu/eestiinimeste-valmidus-end-covid-19-vastu-vaktsineerida-pusib-korgel/ [accessed 20 Jul 2021]
- Vahtla, A. (2018), ‘Estonia Loses Sugar Penalty Dispute in European Court of Justice,’ ERR News, 15 November. Retrieved from https://news.err.ee/877257/estonia-loses-sugar-penalty-dispute-in-european-court-of-justice [accessed 20 Jul 2021]
- Vihalemm, P. (2011), ‘Meedia ja infoväli’ [Media and the information field], in Integratsiooni Monitooring [Integration monitoring report], Tallinn: SA Poliitikauuringute Keskus Praxis, pp. 87–97.
- Vihalemm, T. (2017), ‘The Role of Media in Migration and Integration,’ Estonian Human Development Report 2016/2017. Retrieved from https://2017.inimareng.ee/en/immigration-and-integration/the-role-of-media-in-migration-and-integration/ [accessed 20 Jul 2021]
- Voltri, J. & Klementi, J. (2022), ‘TTJA keelab Vene kanalite edastamise 24 tunni jooksul’ [Consumer Protection and Technical Regulatory Authority bans Russian channels from broadcasting within 24 hours], ERR News, 24 February. Retrieved from https://www.err.ee/1608511283/ttja-keelab-vene-kanaliteedastamise-24-tunni-jooksul [accessed Oct 2023]
- Walker, V. S. (2017), The Floating Tree: Crafting Resilient State Narratives In Post-Truth Environments, Los Angeles: Figueroa Press.
- Włodarska-Frykowska, A. (2016), ‘Ethnic Russian Minority in Estonia,’ International Studies, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 153–164. https://doi.org/10.1515/ipcj-2016-0015
- Zakharov, N.; Law, I. & Harjo, M. (2017), ‘Racisms in the Baltic States: Exclusive Nations,’ in N. Zakharov & I. Law (eds.) Post-Soviet Racisms: Mapping Global Racisms, London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 17–51. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-47692-0_2