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Training-induced changes in shoulder muscle mechanical properties in volleyball players Cover

Training-induced changes in shoulder muscle mechanical properties in volleyball players

Open Access
|May 2026

Figures & Tables

Figure 1

Muscle tone in the different muscle sites. *Significantly different (p < 0.05); ns: no significant

Figure 2

Muscle elasticity in the different muscle sites. *Significantly different (p < 0.05); ns: no significant

Figure 3

Muscle stiffness in the different muscle sites. *Significantly different (p < 0.05); ns: no significant

Seated medicine ball throw performance (mean ± SD, meters), paired t-tests, and effect sizes (Cohen’s dz, 95% CI)

WeekPre-training (m)Post-training (m) p-valueCohen’s dz (95% CI)
16.04 ± 0.825.83 ± 0.830.49–0.26 (–1.09 to 0.58)
25.45 ± 0.385.36 ± 0.450.66–0.16 (–1.00 to 0.67)
35.42 ± 0.584.92 ± 0.540.036–0.91 (–1.75 to –0.08)
Language: English
Page range: 171 - 182
Submitted on: Jan 9, 2026
Accepted on: Apr 8, 2026
Published on: May 16, 2026
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 issue per year

© 2026 Maria Grzybek, Krzysztof Dudziński, Rafał Studnicki, published by University of Physical Education in Warsaw
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.