Development and Validation of the Questionnaire of Self-efficacy Sources for Primary School Teachers
By: Peter Gavora

References
- Bandura, A. (1997). Self-Efficacy. The Exercise of Control. W. H. Freeman and Company. Bautista, N. U. (2011). Investigating the use of vicarious and mastery experiences in influencing early childhood education majors’ self-efficacy beliefs. Journal of Science Teacher Education, 22(4), 333-349. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10972-011-9232-5
- Brickman, J., & Olsson, A. (2021). Self-Efficacy and Health in Swedish Teachers: Validating the Norwegian Teacher Self-Efficacy Scale in a Swedish context. Örebro University.
- Bruce, C. D., & Ross, J. A. (2008). A model for increasing reform implementation and teacher efficacy: Teacher peer coaching in grades 3 and 6 mathematics. Canadian Journal of Education, 31(2), 346-370. https://journals.sfu.ca/cje/index.php/cjerce/article/view/3006/2294
- Byrne, B. M. (2012). Structural Equation Modeling with AMOS: Basic Concepts, Applications, and Programming. Routledge.
- Caprara, G. V., Barbaranelli, C., Steca, P., & Malone, P. S. (2006). Teachers’ self-efficacy beliefs as determinants of job satisfaction and students’ academic achievement: A study at the school level. Journal of School Psychology, 44(6), 473-;490. https://doi/org/10.1016/j.jsp.2006.09.001
- Cheung, G. W., & Rensvold, R. B. (2009). Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 9(2), 233-255. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_5
- Clark, S., & Newberry, M. (2019). Are we building preservice teacher self-efficacy? A large-scale study examining teacher education experiences. Asia-Pacific Journal of Teacher Education, 47(1), 32-47. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359866X.2018.1497772
- Duan, S., Bissaker, K., & Xu, Z. (2024). Correlates of teachers’ classroom management self-efficacy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Educational Psychology Review, 36(2), 43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-024-09881-2
- Earley, P. C. (1994). Self or group? Cultural effects on training on self-efficacy and performance. Administrative Science Quarterly, 39, 89-117. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/2393495
- Fico, M. (2023). Teachers with different educational background and their self-efficacy. In To be or not to be a great educator: Proceedings of ATEE Annual Conference (pp. 140-159). University of Latvia Press. https://doi.org/10.22364/atee.2022.09
- Franks, D., Barblett, L., & Kirk, G. (2025). Teachers’ understanding of the major sources of self-efficacy in early childhood. Early Childhood Education Journal, 53(1), 87-97. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-023-01566-9
- Furtado Nina, K. C., Ramos, E. M. L. S., Holanda Ramos, M. F., Silva, S. S. da C., de Oliveira Fernandez, A. P., & Ramos Pontes, F. A. (2016). Sources of self-efficacy in teachers. Revista de Psicología, 25(1), 1-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5354/0719-0581.2016.42685
- Gallagher, M. W. (2012). The agentic worldview of self-efficacy theory. In V. S.
- Ramachadran (Ed.), Encyclopedia of human behaviour. Academic Press. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/referencework/9780080961804/encyclopedia-of-human-behavior
- Garvis, S., & Pendergast, D. (2011). An investigation of early childhood teacher self-efficacy beliefs in the teaching of arts education. International Journal of Education & the Arts, 12(9), 1-15. http://www.ijea.org/v12n9/v12n9.pdf
- Gavora, P., Pacholík, V., Navrátilová, H., & Petrů Puhrová, B. (2024). Self-efficacy učitelů 1. st. ZŠ: Zdroje jejich zlepšení. Orbis Scholae, 18(1), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.14712/23363177.2024.13
- Ho, I. T., & Hau, K. T. (2004). Australian and Chinese teacher efficacy: Similarities and differences in personal instruction, discipline, guidance efficacy and beliefs in external determinants. Teaching and Teacher Education, 20, 313-323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2003.09.009
- Hoi, C. K. W., Zhou, M., Teo, T., & Nie, Y. (2017). Measuring efficacy sources: Development and validation of the Sources of Teacher Efficacy Questionnaire (STEQ) for Chinese teachers. Psychology in the Schools, 54(7), 756-769. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.22025
- Holzberger, D., Philipp, A., & Kunter, M. (2013). How teachers’ self-efficacy is related to instructional quality: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Educational Psychology, 105(3), 774-786. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032198
- Jungert, T., Östergren, R., Houlfort, N., & Koestner, R. (2019). The impact of support on growth in teacher-efficacy: A cross-cultural study. International Journal of Educational Management, 33(4), 753-767. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEM-08-2017-0195
- Kieffer, K. M., & Henson, R. K. (2000). Development and Validation of the Sources of Self-Efficacy Inventory (SOSI): Exploring a New Measure of Teacher Efficacy. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education, New Orleans, LA. Retrieved from https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED445061
- Klassen, R. M., & Tze, V. M. (2014). Teachers’ self-efficacy, personality, and teaching effectiveness: A meta-analysis. Educational Research Review, 12, 59-76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2014.06.001
- Klassen, R. M., Tze, V. M. C., Betts, S. M., & Gordon, K. A. (2011). Teacher efficacy research 1998-2009: Signs of progress or unfulfilled promise? Educational Psychology Review, 23, 21-43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10648-010-9141-8
- Klassen, R. M., Bong, M., Usher, E. L., Chong, W. H., Huan, W. S., Wong, I. Y.F., & Georgiou, T. (2009). Exploring the validity of a teachers’ self-efficacy scale in five countries. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 34(1), 67-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2008.08.001
- Lin, H., Gorrell, J., & Taylor, J. (2002). Influence of culture and education on U.S and Taiwan preservice teachers’ beliefs. The Journal of Educational Research, 96, 37-46. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220670209598789
- Lin, T. J., & Tsai, C. C. (2013). An investigation of the sources of Taiwan high school pupils’ science learning self- efficacy in relation to their conceptions of learning science. Research in Science & Technological Education, 31(3), 308-323. https://doi.org/10.1080/02635143.2013.841673
- Ma, K., Cavanagh, M., Zhang, J., & Chutiyami, M. (2025). The association between teacher self-efficacy and student academic performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Educational Research Review, 48, 100701. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2024.100701
- Miao, H., Guo, R., & Li, M. (2025). The influence of research self-efficacy and learning engagement on Ed.D students’ academic achievement. Frontiers in psychology, 16, 1562354. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1562354
- Morris, D. (2010). Sources of teaching self-efficacy: a scale validation (Doctoral dissertation). Atlanta, GA: The School of Graduate Studies of Emory University. Retrieved from https://www.proquest.com/docview/759068345?pq-origsite=gscholar&fromopenview=true
- Morris, D. B., & Usher, E. L. (2011). Developing teaching self-efficacy in research institutions: A study of award-winning professors. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 36(3), 232-245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2010.10.005
- Morris, D. B., Usher, E. L., & Chen, J. A. (2017). Reconceptualizing the sources of teaching self-efficacy: A critical review of emerging literature. Educational Psychology Review, 29, 795-833. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-016-9378-y
- Morris, T. P., White, I. R., & Crowther, M. J. (2019). Using simulation studies to evaluate statistical methods. Statistics in Medicine, 38(11), 2074-2102. https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.8086
- Mulholland, J., & Wallace, J. (2001). Teacher induction and elementary science teaching: enhancing self-efficacy. Teaching and Teacher Education, 17, 243-261. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0742-051X(00)00054-8
- Pajares, F. (2006). Self-efficacy during childhood and adolescence. In F. Pajares, & T. Urdan (Eds.), Adolescence and Education (pp. 339-367). Information Age.
- Palmer, D. H. (2006). Sources of self-efficacy in a science methods course for primary teacher education pupils. Research in Science Education, 36(4), 337-353. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165-005-9007-0
- Palmer, D. (2011). Sources of efficacy information in an in-service program for elementary teachers. Science Education, 95(4), 577-600. https://doi.org/10.1002/sce.20434
- Pivarč, J. (2026). From certainty to doubts? Self-efficacy of preschool, primary and secondary school teachers in inclusive education. European Journal of Education, 61, e70438, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejed.70438
- Poulou, M. (2007). Personal teaching efficacy and its sources: Student teachers’ perceptions. Educational Psychology, 27, 191-218. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410601066693
- Savolainen, H., Engelbrecht, P., Nel, M., & Malinen, O. P. (2012). Understanding teachers’ attitudes and self-efficacy in inclusive education: Implications for preservice and in-service teacher education. European Journal of Special Needs Education, 27(1), 51-68. https://doi.org/10.1080/08856257.2011.613603
- Schunk, D. H., & DiBenedetto, M. K. (2023). Albert Bandura’s legacy in education. Theory Into Practice, 62(3), 205-206. https://doi.org/10.1080/00405841.2023.2226560
- Smetáčková, I ., Topková, P., & Vozková, A . (2017). Vývoj a pilotáž škály učitelské self-efficacy. Lifelong Learning – celoživotní vzdělávání, 7(2), 26-46. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/lifele2017070226
- Straková, J., Simonová, J., & Soukup, P. (2020). Vliv akademického optimismu na výsledky žáků středních škol. Orbis Scholae, 14(3), 73-92. https://doi.org/10.14712/23363177.2021.5
- Täschner, J., Dicke, T., Reinhold, S., & Holzberger, D. (2025). „Yes, I can!“ A systematic review and meta-analysis of intervention studies promoting teacher self-efficacy. Review of Educational Research, 95 (1), 3-52. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543231221499
- Tschannen-Moran, M., & Woolfolk Hoy, A. (2001). Teacher efficacy: Capturing an elusive construct. Teaching and Teacher Education, 17(7), 783-805. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0742-051X(01)00036-1
- Tschannen-Moran, M., Woolfolk Hoy, A., & Hoy, W. K. (1998). Teacher efficacy: Its meaning and measure. Review of Educational Research, 68, 202-248. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543068002202
- Usher, E. L., & Pajares, F. (2009). Sources of self-efficacy in mathematics: A validation study. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 34, 89-101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2008.09.002
- Usher, E. L., Ford, C. J., Li, C. R., & Weidner, B. L. (2019). Sources of math and science self-efficacy in rural Appalachia: A convergent mixed methods study. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 57, 32-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2018.10.003
- Vandenberg, R. J., & Lance, C. E. (2000). A review and synthesis of the measurement invariance literature: Suggestions, practices, and recommendations for organizational research. Organizational Research Methods, 3(1), 4-69. https://doi.org/10.1177/109442810031002
- van Dinther, M., Dochy, F., & Segers, M. (2011). Factors affecting students’ self-efficacy in higher education. Educational Research Review, 6, 95-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2010.10.003
- Wang, Y., Tsai, C., & Wei, S. (2015). The sources of science teaching self-efficacy among elementary school teachers: A mediational model approach. International Journal of Science Education, 37(14), 2264-2283. https://doi.org/10.1080/09500693.2015.1075077
- Weng Hoi, K., Zhou, M., Teo, T., & Nie, Y. (2017). Measuring efficacy sources: development and validation of the Sources of Teacher Efficacy Questionnaire (STEQ) for Chinese teachers. Psychology in the Schools, 54(7), 756-769. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.22025
- Yada, A., & Savolainen, H. (2017). Japanese in-service teachers’ attitudes towards inclusive education and self-efficacy for inclusive practices. Teaching and Teacher Education, 64, 222-229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2017.02.005
- Yada, A., Tolvanen, A., Malinen, O. P., Imai-Matsumura, K., Shimada, H., Koike, R., & Savolainen, H. (2019). Teachers’ self-efficacy and the sources of efficacy: A cross-cultural investigation in Japan and Finland. Teaching and Teacher Education, 81, 13-24.
- Zee, M., & Koomen, H. M. Y. (2016). Teacher self-efficacy and its effects on classroom processes, student academic adjustment, and teacher well-being. Review of Educational Research, 86(4), 981-1015. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654315626801
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/atd-2026-0015 | Journal eISSN: 2585-7444
Language: English
Page range: 96 - 111
Submitted on: Feb 26, 2026
Accepted on: Apr 16, 2026
Published on: Jun 13, 2026
Published by: DTI University
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 3 issues per year
Keywords:
Related subjects:
© 2026 Peter Gavora, published by DTI University
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.