Moral Reciprocity, Ethics of Appropriation of Indigenous Medicinal Plant Knowledge and Associated Biopiracy
References
- Alexander, L., & Moore, M. (2016). Deontological Ethics. Retrieved from https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-deontological/
- Amusan, L. (2014). The plights of African resources patenting through the lenses of the World Trade Organisation: An assessment of South Africa’s rooibos tea’s labyrinth journey. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines, 11(5), 41-47.
- Anzinger, D. (2004). Ethics and Natural Resources. Retrieved from https://courses.ecampus.oregonstate.edu/for365/two/EthicsandNaturalResources.htm
- Apps.who.int. (2018). Introduction to Drug Utilization Research: Chapter 4: Economic aspects of drug use (pharmacoeconomy): 4.5 Cost-benefit analysis. Retrieved from http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/en/d/Js4876e/5.5.html
- Azétsop, J., & Rennie, S. (2010). Principlism, medical individualism, and health promotion in resource-poor countries: can autonomy-based bioethics promote social justice and population health? Philosophy, Ethics, and Humanities in Medicine, 5(1), 1-10.
- Baker, A. (1997). Social pluralism. Australia: A. J. Baker.
- BBC News. (2012). GlaxoSmithKline ‘guilty of fraud’. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-18684350/glaxosmithkline-to-pay-3bn-in-us-drug-fraud-scandal
- Berwyn B. (2018). This Summer’s Heat Waves Could Be the Strongest Climate Signal Yet. Retrieved from https://insideclimatenews.org/news/27072018/summer-2018-heat-wave-wildfires-climate-change-evidence-crops-flooding-deaths-records-broken
- Bible Gateway. (2019). Bible Gateway passage: Genesis 1:28 - New International Version. Retrieved from https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis+1%3A28&version=NIV
- Bittencourt, R., & Takahashi, R. (2018). Cannabidiol as a therapeutic alternative for post-traumatic stress disorder: from the bench research to confirmation in human trials. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 12, article 502. https://doi.org/10.1186/1747-5341-5-1
- Biomedcentral.com. (2018). Biomedical Central. Retrieved from https://nutritionj.biomedcentral.com/submission-guidelines/peer-review-policy
- Bolter, J. (2016). Posthumanism. The International Encyclopedia of Communication Theory and Philosophy (pp. 1-8). https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118766804.wbiect220
- Brennan, A., & Lo, Y. (2002). Environmental Ethics. Plato.stanford.edu. Retrieved from https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-environmental/
- Burger, J. (2009). Defining culture in Animals. The Question of Animal Culture. Kevin N. Laland and Bennett G. Galef (Eds), Harvard University Press, 2009. BioScience, 59(11), 1001-1002.
- Canda, B., Oguntibeju, O., & Marnewick, J. (2014). Effects of consumption of rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) and a rooibos-derived commercial supplement on hepatic tissue injury bytert-butyl hydroperoxide in Wistar Rats. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity,1-9.
- Carroll, A. (1991). The pyramid of corporate social responsibility: Toward the moral management of organizational stakeholders. Business Horizons, 34(4), 39-48.
- Cheikhyous, A., Mapaure, I., & Shapi, M. (2011). The use of some indigenous plants for medicinal and other purposes by local communities in Namibia with emphasis on Oshikoto region: A review. Research Journal of Medicinal Plant, 5(4), 406-419.
- Climate Change: Vital signs of the planet. (2018). Climate Change Causes: A Blanket around the Earth. Retrieved from https://climate.nasa.gov/causes
- Collinsdictionary.com. (2018). World view definition and meaning/Collins English Dictionary. Retrieved from https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/world-view
- Datta, R. (2016). How to practice posthumanism in environmental learning: Experiences with North American and South Asian indigenous communities. IAFOR Journal of Education, 4(1), 52-67.
- Deakin.edu.au. (2016). Why Reference? Retrieved from http://www.deakin.edu.au/students/studying/study-support/referencing/why-reference
- Debbarma, M., Pala, N., Kumar, M., & Bussmann, R. (2017). Traditional knowledge of medicinal plants in tribes of Tripura in Northeast India. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines, 14(4), 156-168.
- Decosterd, L., Parsons, I., Gustafson, K., Cardellina, J., McMahon, J., Cragg, G., Murata, Y., Pannell, L., & Steiner, J. (1993). HIV inhibitory natural products. 11. Structure, absolute stereochemistry, and synthesis of conocurvone, a potent, novel HIV-inhibitory naphthoquinone trimer from a Conospermum sp. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 115(15), 6673-6679.
- Di, R., & Tumer, N. (2015). Pokeweed antiviral protein: Its cytotoxicity mechanism and applications in plant disease resistance. Toxins, 7(3), 755-772.
- Domashevskiy, A., & Goss, D. (2015). Pokeweed antiviral protein, a ribosome inactivating protein: Activity, inhibition and prospects. Toxins, 7(2), 274-298.
- Draaisma, D. (2017). Perception: Our useful inability to see reality. Nature, 544(7650), 296-296.
- Elsevier.com. (2018). What Is a Peer Review? Retrieved from https://www.elsevier.com/reviwers/what-is-peer-review
- Fanzo, J. (2015). Ethical issues for human nutrition in the context of global food security and sustainable development. Global Food Security, 7, 15-23.
- Farooq, I. (2015). Lengthy peer review times: What should be done? International Journal of Emergency Mental Health and Human Resilience, 17(2), 485.
- Forlano, L. (2017). Posthumanism and design. She Ji: The Journal of Design, Economics, and Innovation, 3(1), 16-29.
- Forbes. (2017). The 10 Companies with The Best CSR Reputations in 2017. Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/karstenstrauss/2017/09/13/the-10-companies-with-the-best-csr-reputations-in-2017/#22bc4b1d546b
- Gillon, R. (1994). Medical ethics: four principles plus attention to scope. BMJ, 309(6948), 184-188.
- Glenza, J. (2018). Nestlé pays $200 a year to bottle water near Flint – Where water is undrinkable. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/sep/29/nestle-pays-200-a-year-to-bottle-water-near-flint-where-water-is-undrinkable
- Hamilton, C. (2006). Biodiversity, biopiracy and benefits: what allegations of biopiracy tell us about intellectual property. Developing World Bioethics, 6(3), 158-173.
- Hamilton, C. (2008). Intellectual property rights, the bioeconomy and the challenge of biopiracy. Genomics, Society and Policy, 4(3), 26-45.
- Hpcsa.co.za. (2016). General Ethical Guidelines for the Healthcare Professions. Retrieved from http://www.hpcsa.co.za/Conduct/Ethics
- Hpcsa.co.za. (2018). Overview - HPCSA. Retrieved from http://www.hpcsa.co.za/Professionals
- Hutchens, A. (1991). Indian herbalogy of North America. Boston: Shambhala.
- Institute for Healthcare Improvement. (2019). Pareto Chart. Retrieved from http://www.ihi.org/resources/Pages/Tools/ParetoDiagram.aspx
- Jahanbegloo, R., & Parekh, B. (2011). Talking Politics. Oxford University Press.
- Joubert, E., & de Beer, D. (2011). Rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) beyond the farm gate: From herbal tea to potential phytopharmaceutical. South African Journal of Botany, 77(4), 869-886.
- Jordaan, B. (2001). The protection of indigenous medical knowledge: a critical analysis. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11892/164365
- Knapp, S., Gottlieb, M., Berman, J., & Handelsman, M. (2007). When laws and ethics collide: What should psychologists do? Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 38(1), 54-59.
- Komakech, R., Kang, Y., Lee, J., & Omujal, F. (2017). A Review of the Potential of Phytochemicals from Prunus africana (Hook f.) Kalkman Stem Bark for Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy of Prostate Cancer. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine (pp.1-10). https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/3014019
- Kopnina, H., Washington, H., Taylor, B., & Piccolo, J. (2018). Anthropocentrism: More than just a misunderstood problem. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 31(1), 109-127.
- Korsgaard, C. (2004). Fellow creatures: Kantian ethics and our duties to animals. Tanner Lectures on Human Values, 24, 77-110.
- Kozhikode, R., & Li, J. (2012). Political pluralism, public policies, and organizational choices: Banking branch expansion in India, 1948–2003. Academy of Management Journal, 55(2), 339-359.
- Kumar, V., & Navaratnam, V. (2013). Neem (Azadirachta indica): Prehistory to contemporary medicinal uses to humankind. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 3(7), 505-514.
- Kurapati, K., Atluri, V., Samikkannu, T., Garcia, G., & Nair, M. (2016). Natural products as anti-HIV agents and role in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND): A brief overview. Frontiers in Microbiology, 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2015.01444
- Laal, M. (2009). A brief history of enviroethics and its challenges. Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine, 2(10), 1-5.
- Laland, K., & Hoppitt, W. (2003). Do animals have culture? Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews, 12(3), 150-159.
- Le Blanc, J. (2009). Medical Autonomy and Vaccines: A Kantian Imperative – Hektoen International. Retrieved from https://hekint.org/2017/01/30/medical-autonomy-and-vaccines-a-kantian-imperative/
- Luck, M., & d’Inverno, M. (1995). A formal framework for agency and autonomy. In First International Conference on Multi-Agent Systems (pp. 254-260). Retrieved from https://nms.kcl.ac.uk/michael.luck/resources/icmas95.pdf
- Mack, P. (2004). Utilitarian ethics in healthcare. International Journal of The Computer, the Internet and Management, 12(3), 63-72. Retrieved from http://www.ijcim.th.org/past_editions/2004V12N3/ijcimv3n1_article6.pdf
- Mandal, J., Ponnambath, D., & Parija, S. (2016). Utilitarian and deontological ethics in medicine. Tropical Parasitology, 6(1), 5.
- Masango, C. (2010). Indigenous traditional knowledge protection: Prospects in South Africa’s intellectual property framework? South African Journal of Libraries and Information Science, 76(1), 74-80.
- May, A. (2018). SA at the forefront of HIV/Aids research/Cape Argus. Retrieved from https://www.iol.co.za/capeargus/news/sa-at-the-forefront-of-hivaids-research-15117670
- McClatchey, W., Mahady, G., Bennett, B., Shiels, L., & Savo, V. (2009). Ethobotany as a pharmacological research tool and recent developments in CNS-active natural products from ethobotanical sources. Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 123(2), 239-254.
- McIntosh, M. (2018). Looking at Culture: Symbolism, Adaptation, and Ideology. Retrieved from http://brewminate.com/looking-at-culture-symbolism-adaptation-and-ideology/
- Mondal, S., Bandyopadhyay, S. K., Ghosh, M., Mukhopadhyay, S., Roy, S., & Mandal, C. (2012). Natural products: promising resources for cancer drug discovery. Anti-cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry, 12(1), 49-75.
- Morrison, E., & Furlong, E. (2009). Health Care Ethics: Critical Issues for the 21st Century (2nd ed., pp. 47-63). Jones & Bartlett Learning.
- Musgrave, M. (2016). African Customary Law in South Africa. Post-Apartheid and Living Law Perspectives by C. Himonga and T. Nhlapo (Eds.). 2015. Cape Town: Oxford University Press Southern Africa. International Journal of the Commons, 10(2),1205.
- Nahra, C. (2014). The Harm Principle and the Greatest Happiness Principle: The Missing Link. Retrieved from http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-512X2014000100006
- Naoum, V., Kyriopoulos, D., Charonis, A., Athanasakis, K., & Kyriopoulos, J. (2016). The Pareto principle (“80−20 Rule”) in healthcare services in Greece. Value in Health, 19(7), A618.
- Narayanaswany, V. (1981). Origin and development of Ayurveda (A brief history). Ancient Science of Life, 1(1), 1-7.
- Nortjé, N., & Hoffmann, W. (2015). Ethics misconduct among dietetic practitioners in South Africa (2007-2013). South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 28(2), 77-80.
- Open.edu. (2018). Study Session 1: Human Interactions with the Environment. Retrieved from http://www.open.edu/openlearncreate/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=79926&printable=1
- Pharmacouncil.co.za. (2011). SAPC - South African Pharmacy Council. Retrieved from https://www.pharmcouncil.co.za/g_publicationsc.asp
- Pouris, A., & Inglesi-Lotz, R. (2014). The contribution of higher education institutions to the South African economy. South African Journal of Science, 110(3/4), 1-5.
- Professional Board of Dietetics and Nutrition. (2006). Rules of Conduct Pertaining Specifically to the Profession of Dietetics. Pretoria, South Africa.
- Ramdas, V. (2017). Ethics and Law in the Practice of Health Professions. Retrieved from http://www.gauteng.gov.za/campaigns/AntiCorruptionPresentations/Viraj%20Ramdas-%20Ethics%20and%20Law%20in%20the%20Practice%20of%20%20Health%20Professions%20Gauteng%20Nov%202017.pdf
- Recognition of Customary Marriages Act no. 120 OF 1998 (as amended). Retrieved from http://www.justice.gov.za/legislation/acts/1998-120.pdf
- Rosenberg, G. (2001). A Pluralist Democracy. Retrieved from https://www.eurozine.com/a-pluralist-democracy/
- Roy, E. (2018). New Zealand river granted same legal rights as human being. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/mar/16/new-zealand-river-granted-same-legal-rights-as-human-being
- Ryan, J. (2014). Towards an ethics of reciprocity: Ethnobotanical knowledge and medicinal plants as cancer therapies. Humanities, 3(4), 624-644.
- Santini, A. (2018). The importance of referencing. The Journal of Critical Care Medicine, 4(1), 3-4.
- Sciencedirect.com. (2010). Hoodia gordonii - an overview. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/hoodia-gordonii
- Sciencedirect.com. (2018). Rauvolfia serpentina – an overview. ScienceDirect Topics. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/rauvolfia-serpentina
- Smith, P. (2014). How can universities contribute to social change? Retrieved from https://www.britishcouncil.org/voices-magazine/how-can-universities-contribute-social-change
- South African Pharmacy Council (2008). Rules relating to the Code of Conduct. Pretoria: Government gazette,1-15.
- South African Rooibos Council (2017). South African Rooibos Council: Annual Report. Retrieved from https://sarooibos.co.za/wp/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/2017-SARC-Annual-Report_20180628.pdf
- South African San Institute (2017). San Code of Research Ethics. Cape Town: South African San Institute. Retrieved from http://trust-project.eu/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/San-Code-of-RESEARCH-Ethics-Booklet-final.pdf
- Straus, J. (2017). Intellectual property rights and bioeconomy. Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice, 12(7), 576-590.
- Student.unsw.edu.au. (n.d.). Why is Referencing Important? Retrieved from https://student.unsw.edu.au/why-referencing-important
- Tedlock, B. (2006). Indigenous heritage and biopiracy in the age of intellectual property rights. EXPLORE: The Journal of Science and Healing, 2(3), 256-259.
- Three Minute Philosophy: Immanuel Kant. (2009). Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xwOCmJevigw
- Time. (2016). Retrieved from http://time.com/4461874/change-the-world-companies-fortune/
- Un.org. (2018). Climate Change. Retrieved from http://www.un.org/en/sections/issues-depth/climate-change/
- Valen, R., Fretheim, A., Kiserud, T., Bjertness, E., Grudt, S., & Måseide, K. (2011). How Can Research Contribute to Better Global Health? Retrieved from https://tidsskriftet.no/en/2011/10/how-can-research-contribute-better-global-health
- van Wyk, B., & van Staden, J. (2002). A review of ethnobotanical research in southern Africa. South African Journal of Botany, 68(1), 1-13.
- van Wyk, B., de Wet, H., & Van Heerden, F. (2008). An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants in the southeastern Karoo, South Africa. South African Journal of Botany, 74(4), 696-704.
- Velamuri, S., & Venkataraman, S. (2007). Why stakeholder and stockholder theories are not necessarily contradictory: A knightian insight. SSRN Electronic Journal.
- Villavicencio Calzadilla, P. (2017). Climate justice: Case studies in global and regional governance challenges (Environmental Law Institute Washington DC 2016). Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad, 20, 1.
- Visser, J., & Van Zyl IV, C. (2016). Legal ethics, rules of conduct, and the moral compass – considerations from a law student’s perspective. Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad, 19, 1.
- Voigt, M., & Hoogenboom, B. (2012). Publishing your work in a journal understanding: The peer review process. The International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 7(5), 452-460.
- Whatmore, S. (2006). Materialist returns: practising cultural geography in and for a more-than-human world. Cultural geographies, 13(4), 600-609.
- White, R. (1959). Motivation reconsidered: The concept of competence. Psychological Review, 66(5), 297-333.
- Wipo.int. (2006). Resolving IP Disputes through Mediation and Arbitration. Retrieved from http://www.wipo.int/wipo_magazine/en/2006/02/article_0008.html
- World Medical Association. (2019). World Medical Association: International Code of Medical Ethics. Retrieved from https://www.wma.net/policies-post/wma-international-code-of-medical-ethics/
- Xavier, T., Kannan, M., Lija, L., Auxilla, A., Rose, A., & Kumar, S. (2014). Ethnobotanical study of Kani tribes in Thoduhills of Kerala, South India. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 152(1), 78-90.
- Yumatle, C. (2016). Review of Jacob Levy’s rationalism, pluralism, and freedom. SSRN Electronic Journal.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/atd-2019-0007 | Journal eISSN: 2585-7444
Language: English
Page range: 24 - 65
Submitted on: Mar 8, 2019
Accepted on: Jun 3, 2019
Published on: Aug 9, 2019
Published by: DTI University
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 3 times per year
Keywords:
Related subjects:
© 2019 Oscar Agbor Ambang, Sergio Alloggio, Roman Tandlich, published by DTI University
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.