Changes in the Water Surface Level of the Baltic Sea from Satellite Altimetry and Gravity Missions

Period	Data set No. 1	Data set No. 2
01.01.2001–01.01.2021	Seasonalized SSHA	Seasonalized EWT (JPL)
01.01.2001–01.01.2021	Deseasonalized SSHA	Deseasonalized EWT (JPL)
01.01.2001–01.01.2021	Seasonalized SSHA	Seasonalized EWT (CSR)
01.01.2001–01.01.2021	Deseasonalized SSHA	Deseasonalized EWT (CSR)
01.01.1993–01.01.2018	Seasonalized SSHA	Seasonalized HRSST
01.01.1993–01.01.2018	Deseasonalized SSHA	Deseasonalized HRSST

Sea level anomalies from altimetric (SSHA) and gravimetric (EWT JPL) data from 2001–2021 before the removal of seasonal signals for the Baltic Sea. The trend values are given in cm/day

Sea level anomalies from altimetric (SSHA) and gravimetric (EWT JPL) data from 2001–2021 after the removal of seasonal signals for the Baltic Sea. The trend values are given in cm/day

Correlation between altimetric (SSHA) and gravimetric (EWT JPL) anomalies for 2001–2021 before removal of seasonal signals for the Baltic Sea

Correlation between altimetric (SSHA) and gravimetric (EWT JPL) anomalies for 2001–2021 after removal of seasonal signals for the Baltic Sea

Table 2.

Results of statistical analyses of sea level changes from altimetric (SSHA) and gravimetric (EWT) data before removal of seasonal signals

Region	Period	Sea level rise trend (cm/yr)			Linear regression coefficient		Pearson correlation coefficient
Region	Period	SSHA	EWT JPL	EWT CSR	SSHA − EWT JPL	SSHA − EWT CSR	SSHA − EWT JPL	SSHA − EWT CSR
Baltic Sea	2001–2006	1.20	3.76	3.36	0.70	0.59	0.92	0.87
	2006–2011	−1.50	−0.69	−0.47	0.65	0.56	0.94	0.90
	2011–2016	0.99	1.13	−0.66	0.67	0.56	0.92	0.86
	2016–2021	1.68	1.90	1.06	0.67	0.56	0.88	0.79
	2001–2021	0.62	0.95	0.33	0.72	0.55	0.92	0.86
The central part of the Baltic Sea	2001–2006	1.20	4.49	3.39	0.76	0.62	0.89	0.83
	2006–2011	−1.93	−1.13	−0.58	0.64	0.58	0.89	0.86
	2011–2016	1.64	0.62	−0.58	0.73	0.58	0.89	0.82
	2016–2021	1.50	1.57	0.95	0.67	0.56	0.83	0.73
	2001–2021	0.58	0.84	0.29	0.72	0.56	0.88	0.81
Gulf of Gdańsk	2001–2006	1.02	2.48	1.57	0.54	0.35	0.85	0.73
	2006–2011	−1.53	−1.10	−0.95	0.59	0.38	0.91	0.83
	2011–2016	1.10	0.33	−1.10	0.55	0.38	0.87	0.73
	2016–2021	1.13	0.77	0.37	0.55	0.42	0.85	0.74
	2001–2021	0.62	0.51	−0.18	0.57	0.32	0.89	0.67
Gulf of Bothnia	2001–2006	1.50	3.94	4.49	0.67	0.63	0.92	0.89
	2006–2011	−1.53	−2.92	−0.37	0.65	0.60	0.94	0.89
	2011–2016	0.99	1.06	−0.11	0.67	0.58	0.93	0.88
	2016–2021	1.75	2.01	1.68	0.67	0.60	0.88	0.80
	2001–2021	0.62	1.13	0.58	0.73	0.61	0.90	0.88
Gulf of Finland	2001–2006	1.17	5.66	7.01	0.94	1.01	0.91	0.85
	2006–2011	−1.57	−0.58	1.06	0.76	0.68	0.92	0.81
	2011–2016	1.39	0.51	−0.99	0.76	0.56	0.89	0.75
	2016–2021	2.15	1.93	2.12	0.63	0.56	0.83	0.74
	2001–2021	0.62	1.02	0.91	0.81	0.72	0.90	0.81
Gulf of Riga	2001–2006	1.24	4.05	2.30	0.74	0.46	0.90	0.80
	2006–2011	−1.50	−0.29	−0.62	0.65	0.46	0.91	0.87
	2011–2016	1.35	0.77	−0.55	0.53	0.32	0.87	0.81
	2016–2021	1.93	1.57	0.88	0.52	0.35	0.82	0.68
	2001–2021	0.62	0.95	−0.03	0.64	0.35	0.87	0.74

Altimetric anomalies (SSHA) and sea surface temperature (HRSST) from 1993 to 2018 before the removal of seasonal signals for the Baltic Sea. The trend values are given in cm/day

Altimetric anomalies (SSHA) and sea surface temperature (HRSST) from 1993 to 2018 after the removal of seasonal signals for the Baltic Sea. The trend values are given in cm/day

Correlation between altimetric anomalies (SSHA) and sea surface temperature for 1993–2018 before removal of seasonal signals for the Baltic Sea

Correlation between altimetric anomalies (SSHA) and sea surface temperature for 1993–2018 after removal of seasonal signals for the Baltic Sea

Mean sea level rise linear trends of Baltic Sea in 2001–2021 from altimetric data (SSHA) after removal of seasonal signals

Choropleth map of linear trends of Baltic Sea level rise in 2001–2021 from altimetric data (SSHA) after removal of seasonal signals

Sea level rise linear trends of the Baltic Sea, the central part of the Baltic Sea, and the Gulf of Gdańsk in 2001–2021 from altimetric (SSHA) and gravimetric data (EWT) after the removal of seasonal signals

Sea level rise linear trends for the Gulf of Bothnia, the Gulf of Finland, and the Gulf of Riga in 2001–2021 from altimetric (SSHA) and gravimetric data (EWT) before and after removal of seasonal signals

Choropleth maps of linear trends of Baltic Sea level rise in 2001–2021 from gravimetric data (EWT) after the removal of seasonal signals

Linear regression coefficients between altimetric anomalies (SSHA) and gravimetric anomalies (EWT JPL) for the Baltic Sea in 2001–2021 after the removal of the seasonal signal

Choropleth maps of linear regression coefficients between altimetric anomalies (SSHA) and gravity anomalies (EWT JPL/CSR) of the Baltic Sea in 2001–2021 after the removal of seasonal signals

Linear regression coefficients between altimetric anomalies (SSHA) and gravity anomalies (EWT JPL/CSR) of the entire area of the Baltic Sea, the central part of the Baltic Sea, and the Gulf of Gdańsk in 2001–2021

Pearson correlation coefficients between altimetric anomalies (SSHA) and gravity anomalies (EWT JPL/CSR) of the entire area of the Baltic Sea, the central part of the Baltic Sea, and the Gulf of Gdańsk in 2001–2021

Pearson correlation coefficients between altimetric anomalies (SSHA) and gravity anomalies (EWT JPL/CSR) of the Gulf of Bothnia, the Gulf of Finland, and the Gulf of Riga in 2001–2021

Choropleth maps of Pearson correlation coefficients between altimetric anomalies (SSHA) and gravity anomalies (EWT JPL/CSR) of the Baltic Sea in 2001–2021 after the removal of seasonal signals

Sea surface temperatures (HRRST) linear trends of the Baltic Sea in 1993–2018

Choropleth map of sea surface temperatures (HRRST) linear trend of the Baltic Sea in 1993–2018 after the removal of seasonal signals

Linear regression coefficients between altimetric anomalies (SSHA) and sea surface temperatures (HRSST) for the Baltic Sea in 1993–2018

Pearson correlation coefficients between altimetric anomalies (SSHA) and sea surface temperatures (HRSST) of the Baltic Sea in 1993–2018

Choropleth map of linear regression and Pearson correlation coefficients between altimetric anomalies (SSHA) and sea surface temperatures (HRSST) for the Baltic Sea in 1993–2018

Table A1.

Results of statistical analyses of sea level changes from altimetric (SSHA) and gravimetric (EWT) data after removal of seasonal signals

Region	Period	Sea level rise trend (cm/yr)			Linear regression coefficient		Pearson correlation coefficient
Region	Period	SSHA	EWT JPL	EWT CSR	SSHA – EWT JPL	SSHA – EWT CSR	SSHA – EWT JPL	SSHA – EWT CSR
Baltic Sea	2001–2006	0.80	3.25	2.88	0.70	0.62	0.92	0.91
	2006–2011	−1.90	−0.84	−0.62	0.65	0.55	0.96	0.94
	2011–2016	0.58	0.40	−1.13	0.63	0.48	0.91	0.84
	2016–2021	1.31	1.24	0.69	0.63	0.50	0.87	0.82
	2001–2021	0.58	0.91	0.29	0.71	0.51	0.91	0.89
The central part of the Baltic Sea	2001–2006	0.80	39.06	2.85	0.80	0.67	0.89	0.87
	2006–2011	−2.34	−1.24	−0.73	0.67	0.59	0.94	0.93
	2011–2016	1.24	0.22	−1.10	0.67	0.50	0.91	0.84
	2016–2021	1.10	1.24	0.55	0.67	0.53	0.85	0.81
	2001–2021	0.55	0.80	0.29	0.72	0.54	0.90	0.87
Gulf of Gdańsk	2001–2006	0.66	2.08	1.20	0.57	0.37	0.85	0.81
	2006–2011	−1.90	−1.28	−1.06	0.59	0.38	0.90	0.87
	2011–2016	0.77	−0.07	−1.46	0.49	0.33	0.84	0.69
	2016–2021	0.80	0.40	0.07	0.54	0.39	0.86	0.77
	2001–2021	0.58	0.51	−0.18	0.56	0.29	0.88	0.68
Gulf of Bothnia	2001–2006	1.10	3.39	3.94	0.66	0.65	0.91	0.91
	2006–2011	−1.93	−0.44	−0.58	0.64	0.56	0.95	0.92
	2011–2016	0.58	0.66	−0.69	0.61	0.48	0.90	0.86
	2016–2021	1.35	1.57	1.24	0.62	0.52	0.87	0.82
	2001–2021	0.58	1.10	0.58	0.71	0.56	0.89	0.89
Gulf of Finland	2001–2006	0.77	4.89	6.35	0.90	1.03	0.88	0.81
	2006–2011	−1.97	−0.80	0.84	0.74	0.66	0.92	0.81
	2011–2016	0.99	−0.04	−1.50	0.69	0.51	0.81	0.68
	2016–2021	1.75	1.39	1.61	0.60	0.55	0.78	0.71
	2001–2021	0.62	1.02	0.91	0.78	0.71	0.87	0.79
Gulf of Riga	2001–2006	0.84	3.50	1.86	0.72	0.44	0.87	0.85
	2006–2011	−1.90	−0.47	−0.84	0.64	0.41	0.91	0.91
	2011–2016	0.91	0.33	−0.99	0.46	0.23	0.81	0.71
	2016–2021	1.53	1.17	0.44	0.50	0.30	0.83	0.77
	2001–2021	0.58	0.95	−0.04	0.62	0.28	0.85	0.74

Table A2.

Results of statistical analyses of sea level changes from altimetric (SSHA) and sea surface temperature (HRSST) data before removal of seasonal signals

Region	Period	Sea surface temperature rise trend (HRSST) (C°/yr)	Sea level rise trend (SSHA) (cm/yr)	Linear regression coefficient (HRSST – SSHA)	Pearson correlation coefficient (HRSST – SSHA)
Baltic Sea	1993–1998	0.29	−0.29	−0.05	0.02
	1998–2003	0.37	−0.66	−0.20	0.09
	2003–2008	0.55	2.63	0.57	0.25
	2008–2013	0.15	2.08	0.56	0.25
	2013–2018	0.22	3.58	0.23	0.09
	1993–2018	0.04	0.51	0.26	0.11
The central part of the Baltic Sea	1993–1998	0.26	0.00	0.09	0.04
	1998–2003	0.40	−0.69	0.00	0.00
	2003–2008	0.55	2.15	0.74	0.30
	2008–2013	0.11	1.61	0.80	0.33
	2013–2018	0.29	3.07	0.44	0.17
	1993–2018	0.04	0.47	0.45	0.17
Gulf of Gdańsk	1993–1998	0.26	0.03	0.05	0.02
	1998–2003	0.33	−0.29	−0.31	0.13
	2003–2008	0.58	2.66	0.72	0.32
	2008–2013	0.15	2.41	0.70	0.31
	2013–2018	0.33	3.65	0.44	0.18
	1993–2018	0.07	0.55	0.37	0.15
Gulf of Bothnia	1993–1998	0.37	−0.62	−0.15	0.06
	1998–2003	0.44	−0.66	−0.05	0.02
	2003–2008	0.51	2.85	0.57	0.23
	2008–2013	0.07	1.93	0.54	0.23
	2013–2018	1.83	3.80	0.21	0.07
	1993–2018	0.04	0.55	0.26	0.10
Gulf of Finland	1993–1998	0.40	−0.37	−0.08	0.04
	1998–2003	0.37	−0.62	−0.14	0.08
	2003–2008	0.66	2.77	0.52	0.27
	2008–2013	0.26	2.08	0.54	0.28
	2013–2018	0.11	3.47	−0.03	0.04
	1993–2018	0.07	0.51	0.20	0.10
Gulf of Riga	1993–1998	0.33	−0.26	−0.14	0.07
	1998–2003	0.40	−0.62	−0.26	0.15
	2003–2008	0.69	2.74	0.54	0.28
	2008–2013	0.18	2.37	0.49	0.25
	2013–2018	0.22	3.58	0.13	0.05
	1993–2018	0.07	0.58	0.19	0.09

Table A3.

Results of statistical analyses of sea level changes from altimetric (SSHA) and sea surface temperature (HRSST) data after removal of seasonal signals

Region	Period	Sea surface temperature rise trend (HRSST) (C°/yr)	Sea level rise trend (SSHA) (cm/yr)	Linear regression coefficient (HRSST – SSHA)	Pearson correlation coefficient (HRSST – SSHA)
Baltic Sea	1993–1998	0.04	0.51	2.40	0.16
	1998–2003	0.07	−0.69	−0.65	0.05
	2003–2008	0.11	−1.06	4.02	0.33
	2008–2013	0.29	2.26	5.18	0.35
	2013–2018	−0.11	1.68	1.84	0.10
	1993–2018	0.04	0.51	3.55	0.26
The central part of the Baltic Sea	1993–1998	0.01	−0.40	1.97	0.15
	1998–2003	0.15	−1.10	−1.25	0.10
	2003–2008	0.33	1.75	3.05	0.26
	2008–2013	−0.15	1.20	2.95	0.21
	2013–2018	0.04	2.66	2.98	0.17
	1993–2018	0.04	0.47	2.60	0.20
Gulf of Gdańsk	1993–1998	0.01	−0.33	3.59	0.30
	1998–2003	0.07	−0.66	0.20	0.02
	2003–2008	0.33	2.30	3.87	0.38
	2008–2013	−0.11	2.04	2.91	0.23
	2013–2018	0.07	3.29	3.25	0.21
	1993–2018	0.04	0.55	3.69	0.31
Gulf of Bothnia	1993–1998	0.11	−1.06	0.21	0.01
	1998–2003	0.22	−1.06	0.14	0.01
	2003–2008	0.26	2.45	2.77	0.22
	2008–2013	−0.18	1.53	4.56	0.30
	2013–2018	−0.07	3.36	1.49	0.09
	1993–2018	0.03	0.51	2.39	0.17
Gulf of Finland	1993–1998	0.15	−0.77	2.66	0.23
	1998–2003	0.07	−1.02	0.92	0.10
	2003–2008	0.37	2.37	3.69	0.40
	2008–2013	−0.03	1.68	4.21	0.42
	2013–2018	−0.18	3.07	−0.21	0.02
	1993–2018	0.07	0.51	2.90	0.29
Gulf of Riga	1993–1998	0.04	−0.69	2.14	0.18
	1998–2003	0.11	−1.02	−0.01	0.01
	2003–2008	0.44	2.34	4.00	0.48
	2008–2013	−0.11	1.97	3.42	0.33
	2013–2018	−0.07	3.18	2.35	0.16
	1993–2018	0.07	0.55	3.16	0.30

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/arsa-2024-0008 | Journal eISSN: 2083-6104 | Journal ISSN: 1509-3859 (formerly 0208-841X)

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Language: English

Page range: 100 - 126

Submitted on: Jul 11, 2024

Accepted on: Sep 5, 2024

Published on: Oct 8, 2024

Published by: Polish Academy of Sciences, Space Research Centre

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Keywords:

GRACE,

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© 2024 Jakub BIAŁAS, Krzysztof SOŚNICA, published by Polish Academy of Sciences, Space Research Centre
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Volume 59 (2024): Issue 3 (September 2024)

Changes in the Water Surface Level of the Baltic Sea from Satellite Altimetry and Gravity Missions

Figures & Tables

Table 1.

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

Figure 3.

Figure 4.

Table 2.

Figure 5.

Figure 6.

Figure 7.

Figure 8.

Figure 9.

Figure 10.

Figure 11.

Figure 12.

Figure 13.

Figure 14.

Figure 15.

Figure 16.

Figure 17.

Figure 18.

Figure 19.

Figure 20.

Figure 21.

Figure 22.

Figure 23.

Figure 24.

Table A1.

Table A2.

Table A3.

Paradigm

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