Changes in the Water Surface Level of the Baltic Sea from Satellite Altimetry and Gravity Missions

BIAŁAS, Jakub; SOŚNICA, Krzysztof

doi:10.2478/arsa-2024-0008

Figures & Tables

Sea level anomalies from altimetric (SSHA) and gravimetric (EWT JPL) data from 2001–2021 before the removal of seasonal signals for the Baltic Sea. The trend values are given in cm/day

Sea level anomalies from altimetric (SSHA) and gravimetric (EWT JPL) data from 2001–2021 after the removal of seasonal signals for the Baltic Sea. The trend values are given in cm/day

Correlation between altimetric (SSHA) and gravimetric (EWT JPL) anomalies for 2001–2021 before removal of seasonal signals for the Baltic Sea

Correlation between altimetric (SSHA) and gravimetric (EWT JPL) anomalies for 2001–2021 after removal of seasonal signals for the Baltic Sea

Altimetric anomalies (SSHA) and sea surface temperature (HRSST) from 1993 to 2018 before the removal of seasonal signals for the Baltic Sea. The trend values are given in cm/day

Altimetric anomalies (SSHA) and sea surface temperature (HRSST) from 1993 to 2018 after the removal of seasonal signals for the Baltic Sea. The trend values are given in cm/day

Correlation between altimetric anomalies (SSHA) and sea surface temperature for 1993–2018 before removal of seasonal signals for the Baltic Sea

Correlation between altimetric anomalies (SSHA) and sea surface temperature for 1993–2018 after removal of seasonal signals for the Baltic Sea

Mean sea level rise linear trends of Baltic Sea in 2001–2021 from altimetric data (SSHA) after removal of seasonal signals

Choropleth map of linear trends of Baltic Sea level rise in 2001–2021 from altimetric data (SSHA) after removal of seasonal signals

Sea level rise linear trends of the Baltic Sea, the central part of the Baltic Sea, and the Gulf of Gdańsk in 2001–2021 from altimetric (SSHA) and gravimetric data (EWT) after the removal of seasonal signals

Sea level rise linear trends for the Gulf of Bothnia, the Gulf of Finland, and the Gulf of Riga in 2001–2021 from altimetric (SSHA) and gravimetric data (EWT) before and after removal of seasonal signals

Choropleth maps of linear trends of Baltic Sea level rise in 2001–2021 from gravimetric data (EWT) after the removal of seasonal signals

Linear regression coefficients between altimetric anomalies (SSHA) and gravimetric anomalies (EWT JPL) for the Baltic Sea in 2001–2021 after the removal of the seasonal signal

Choropleth maps of linear regression coefficients between altimetric anomalies (SSHA) and gravity anomalies (EWT JPL/CSR) of the Baltic Sea in 2001–2021 after the removal of seasonal signals

Linear regression coefficients between altimetric anomalies (SSHA) and gravity anomalies (EWT JPL/CSR) of the entire area of the Baltic Sea, the central part of the Baltic Sea, and the Gulf of Gdańsk in 2001–2021

Pearson correlation coefficients between altimetric anomalies (SSHA) and gravity anomalies (EWT JPL/CSR) of the entire area of the Baltic Sea, the central part of the Baltic Sea, and the Gulf of Gdańsk in 2001–2021

Pearson correlation coefficients between altimetric anomalies (SSHA) and gravity anomalies (EWT JPL/CSR) of the Gulf of Bothnia, the Gulf of Finland, and the Gulf of Riga in 2001–2021

Choropleth maps of Pearson correlation coefficients between altimetric anomalies (SSHA) and gravity anomalies (EWT JPL/CSR) of the Baltic Sea in 2001–2021 after the removal of seasonal signals

Sea surface temperatures (HRRST) linear trends of the Baltic Sea in 1993–2018

Choropleth map of sea surface temperatures (HRRST) linear trend of the Baltic Sea in 1993–2018 after the removal of seasonal signals

Linear regression coefficients between altimetric anomalies (SSHA) and sea surface temperatures (HRSST) for the Baltic Sea in 1993–2018

Pearson correlation coefficients between altimetric anomalies (SSHA) and sea surface temperatures (HRSST) of the Baltic Sea in 1993–2018

Choropleth map of linear regression and Pearson correlation coefficients between altimetric anomalies (SSHA) and sea surface temperatures (HRSST) for the Baltic Sea in 1993–2018

Configurations of the compared satellite data

Period	Data set No. 1	Data set No. 2
01.01.2001–01.01.2021	Seasonalized SSHA	Seasonalized EWT (JPL)
01.01.2001–01.01.2021	Deseasonalized SSHA	Deseasonalized EWT (JPL)
01.01.2001–01.01.2021	Seasonalized SSHA	Seasonalized EWT (CSR)
01.01.2001–01.01.2021	Deseasonalized SSHA	Deseasonalized EWT (CSR)
01.01.1993–01.01.2018	Seasonalized SSHA	Seasonalized HRSST
01.01.1993–01.01.2018	Deseasonalized SSHA	Deseasonalized HRSST

Results of statistical analyses of sea level changes from altimetric (SSHA) and sea surface temperature (HRSST) data before removal of seasonal signals

Region	Period	Sea surface temperature rise trend (HRSST) (C°/yr)	Sea level rise trend (SSHA) (cm/yr)	Linear regression coefficient (HRSST – SSHA)	Pearson correlation coefficient (HRSST – SSHA)
Baltic Sea	1993–1998	0.29	−0.29	−0.05	0.02
	1998–2003	0.37	−0.66	−0.20	0.09
	2003–2008	0.55	2.63	0.57	0.25
	2008–2013	0.15	2.08	0.56	0.25
	2013–2018	0.22	3.58	0.23	0.09
	1993–2018	0.04	0.51	0.26	0.11
The central part of the Baltic Sea	1993–1998	0.26	0.00	0.09	0.04
	1998–2003	0.40	−0.69	0.00	0.00
	2003–2008	0.55	2.15	0.74	0.30
	2008–2013	0.11	1.61	0.80	0.33
	2013–2018	0.29	3.07	0.44	0.17
	1993–2018	0.04	0.47	0.45	0.17
Gulf of Gdańsk	1993–1998	0.26	0.03	0.05	0.02
	1998–2003	0.33	−0.29	−0.31	0.13
	2003–2008	0.58	2.66	0.72	0.32
	2008–2013	0.15	2.41	0.70	0.31
	2013–2018	0.33	3.65	0.44	0.18
	1993–2018	0.07	0.55	0.37	0.15
Gulf of Bothnia	1993–1998	0.37	−0.62	−0.15	0.06
	1998–2003	0.44	−0.66	−0.05	0.02
	2003–2008	0.51	2.85	0.57	0.23
	2008–2013	0.07	1.93	0.54	0.23
	2013–2018	1.83	3.80	0.21	0.07
	1993–2018	0.04	0.55	0.26	0.10
Gulf of Finland	1993–1998	0.40	−0.37	−0.08	0.04
	1998–2003	0.37	−0.62	−0.14	0.08
	2003–2008	0.66	2.77	0.52	0.27
	2008–2013	0.26	2.08	0.54	0.28
	2013–2018	0.11	3.47	−0.03	0.04
	1993–2018	0.07	0.51	0.20	0.10
Gulf of Riga	1993–1998	0.33	−0.26	−0.14	0.07
	1998–2003	0.40	−0.62	−0.26	0.15
	2003–2008	0.69	2.74	0.54	0.28
	2008–2013	0.18	2.37	0.49	0.25
	2013–2018	0.22	3.58	0.13	0.05
	1993–2018	0.07	0.58	0.19	0.09

Results of statistical analyses of sea level changes from altimetric (SSHA) and gravimetric (EWT) data before removal of seasonal signals

Region	Period	Sea level rise trend (cm/yr)			Linear regression coefficient		Pearson correlation coefficient
Region	Period	SSHA	EWT JPL	EWT CSR	SSHA − EWT JPL	SSHA − EWT CSR	SSHA − EWT JPL	SSHA − EWT CSR
Baltic Sea	2001–2006	1.20	3.76	3.36	0.70	0.59	0.92	0.87
	2006–2011	−1.50	−0.69	−0.47	0.65	0.56	0.94	0.90
	2011–2016	0.99	1.13	−0.66	0.67	0.56	0.92	0.86
	2016–2021	1.68	1.90	1.06	0.67	0.56	0.88	0.79
	2001–2021	0.62	0.95	0.33	0.72	0.55	0.92	0.86
The central part of the Baltic Sea	2001–2006	1.20	4.49	3.39	0.76	0.62	0.89	0.83
	2006–2011	−1.93	−1.13	−0.58	0.64	0.58	0.89	0.86
	2011–2016	1.64	0.62	−0.58	0.73	0.58	0.89	0.82
	2016–2021	1.50	1.57	0.95	0.67	0.56	0.83	0.73
	2001–2021	0.58	0.84	0.29	0.72	0.56	0.88	0.81
Gulf of Gdańsk	2001–2006	1.02	2.48	1.57	0.54	0.35	0.85	0.73
	2006–2011	−1.53	−1.10	−0.95	0.59	0.38	0.91	0.83
	2011–2016	1.10	0.33	−1.10	0.55	0.38	0.87	0.73
	2016–2021	1.13	0.77	0.37	0.55	0.42	0.85	0.74
	2001–2021	0.62	0.51	−0.18	0.57	0.32	0.89	0.67
Gulf of Bothnia	2001–2006	1.50	3.94	4.49	0.67	0.63	0.92	0.89
	2006–2011	−1.53	−2.92	−0.37	0.65	0.60	0.94	0.89
	2011–2016	0.99	1.06	−0.11	0.67	0.58	0.93	0.88
	2016–2021	1.75	2.01	1.68	0.67	0.60	0.88	0.80
	2001–2021	0.62	1.13	0.58	0.73	0.61	0.90	0.88
Gulf of Finland	2001–2006	1.17	5.66	7.01	0.94	1.01	0.91	0.85
	2006–2011	−1.57	−0.58	1.06	0.76	0.68	0.92	0.81
	2011–2016	1.39	0.51	−0.99	0.76	0.56	0.89	0.75
	2016–2021	2.15	1.93	2.12	0.63	0.56	0.83	0.74
	2001–2021	0.62	1.02	0.91	0.81	0.72	0.90	0.81
Gulf of Riga	2001–2006	1.24	4.05	2.30	0.74	0.46	0.90	0.80
	2006–2011	−1.50	−0.29	−0.62	0.65	0.46	0.91	0.87
	2011–2016	1.35	0.77	−0.55	0.53	0.32	0.87	0.81
	2016–2021	1.93	1.57	0.88	0.52	0.35	0.82	0.68
	2001–2021	0.62	0.95	−0.03	0.64	0.35	0.87	0.74

Results of statistical analyses of sea level changes from altimetric (SSHA) and gravimetric (EWT) data after removal of seasonal signals

Region	Period	Sea level rise trend (cm/yr)			Linear regression coefficient		Pearson correlation coefficient
Region	Period	SSHA	EWT JPL	EWT CSR	SSHA – EWT JPL	SSHA – EWT CSR	SSHA – EWT JPL	SSHA – EWT CSR
Baltic Sea	2001–2006	0.80	3.25	2.88	0.70	0.62	0.92	0.91
	2006–2011	−1.90	−0.84	−0.62	0.65	0.55	0.96	0.94
	2011–2016	0.58	0.40	−1.13	0.63	0.48	0.91	0.84
	2016–2021	1.31	1.24	0.69	0.63	0.50	0.87	0.82
	2001–2021	0.58	0.91	0.29	0.71	0.51	0.91	0.89
The central part of the Baltic Sea	2001–2006	0.80	39.06	2.85	0.80	0.67	0.89	0.87
	2006–2011	−2.34	−1.24	−0.73	0.67	0.59	0.94	0.93
	2011–2016	1.24	0.22	−1.10	0.67	0.50	0.91	0.84
	2016–2021	1.10	1.24	0.55	0.67	0.53	0.85	0.81
	2001–2021	0.55	0.80	0.29	0.72	0.54	0.90	0.87
Gulf of Gdańsk	2001–2006	0.66	2.08	1.20	0.57	0.37	0.85	0.81
	2006–2011	−1.90	−1.28	−1.06	0.59	0.38	0.90	0.87
	2011–2016	0.77	−0.07	−1.46	0.49	0.33	0.84	0.69
	2016–2021	0.80	0.40	0.07	0.54	0.39	0.86	0.77
	2001–2021	0.58	0.51	−0.18	0.56	0.29	0.88	0.68
Gulf of Bothnia	2001–2006	1.10	3.39	3.94	0.66	0.65	0.91	0.91
	2006–2011	−1.93	−0.44	−0.58	0.64	0.56	0.95	0.92
	2011–2016	0.58	0.66	−0.69	0.61	0.48	0.90	0.86
	2016–2021	1.35	1.57	1.24	0.62	0.52	0.87	0.82
	2001–2021	0.58	1.10	0.58	0.71	0.56	0.89	0.89
Gulf of Finland	2001–2006	0.77	4.89	6.35	0.90	1.03	0.88	0.81
	2006–2011	−1.97	−0.80	0.84	0.74	0.66	0.92	0.81
	2011–2016	0.99	−0.04	−1.50	0.69	0.51	0.81	0.68
	2016–2021	1.75	1.39	1.61	0.60	0.55	0.78	0.71
	2001–2021	0.62	1.02	0.91	0.78	0.71	0.87	0.79
Gulf of Riga	2001–2006	0.84	3.50	1.86	0.72	0.44	0.87	0.85
	2006–2011	−1.90	−0.47	−0.84	0.64	0.41	0.91	0.91
	2011–2016	0.91	0.33	−0.99	0.46	0.23	0.81	0.71
	2016–2021	1.53	1.17	0.44	0.50	0.30	0.83	0.77
	2001–2021	0.58	0.95	−0.04	0.62	0.28	0.85	0.74

Results of statistical analyses of sea level changes from altimetric (SSHA) and sea surface temperature (HRSST) data after removal of seasonal signals

Region	Period	Sea surface temperature rise trend (HRSST) (C°/yr)	Sea level rise trend (SSHA) (cm/yr)	Linear regression coefficient (HRSST – SSHA)	Pearson correlation coefficient (HRSST – SSHA)
Baltic Sea	1993–1998	0.04	0.51	2.40	0.16
	1998–2003	0.07	−0.69	−0.65	0.05
	2003–2008	0.11	−1.06	4.02	0.33
	2008–2013	0.29	2.26	5.18	0.35
	2013–2018	−0.11	1.68	1.84	0.10
	1993–2018	0.04	0.51	3.55	0.26
The central part of the Baltic Sea	1993–1998	0.01	−0.40	1.97	0.15
	1998–2003	0.15	−1.10	−1.25	0.10
	2003–2008	0.33	1.75	3.05	0.26
	2008–2013	−0.15	1.20	2.95	0.21
	2013–2018	0.04	2.66	2.98	0.17
	1993–2018	0.04	0.47	2.60	0.20
Gulf of Gdańsk	1993–1998	0.01	−0.33	3.59	0.30
	1998–2003	0.07	−0.66	0.20	0.02
	2003–2008	0.33	2.30	3.87	0.38
	2008–2013	−0.11	2.04	2.91	0.23
	2013–2018	0.07	3.29	3.25	0.21
	1993–2018	0.04	0.55	3.69	0.31
Gulf of Bothnia	1993–1998	0.11	−1.06	0.21	0.01
	1998–2003	0.22	−1.06	0.14	0.01
	2003–2008	0.26	2.45	2.77	0.22
	2008–2013	−0.18	1.53	4.56	0.30
	2013–2018	−0.07	3.36	1.49	0.09
	1993–2018	0.03	0.51	2.39	0.17
Gulf of Finland	1993–1998	0.15	−0.77	2.66	0.23
	1998–2003	0.07	−1.02	0.92	0.10
	2003–2008	0.37	2.37	3.69	0.40
	2008–2013	−0.03	1.68	4.21	0.42
	2013–2018	−0.18	3.07	−0.21	0.02
	1993–2018	0.07	0.51	2.90	0.29
Gulf of Riga	1993–1998	0.04	−0.69	2.14	0.18
	1998–2003	0.11	−1.02	−0.01	0.01
	2003–2008	0.44	2.34	4.00	0.48
	2008–2013	−0.11	1.97	3.42	0.33
	2013–2018	−0.07	3.18	2.35	0.16
	1993–2018	0.07	0.55	3.16	0.30

Changes in the Water Surface Level of the Baltic Sea from Satellite Altimetry and Gravity Missions

Figures & Tables

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Configurations of the compared satellite data

Results of statistical analyses of sea level changes from altimetric (SSHA) and sea surface temperature (HRSST) data before removal of seasonal signals

Results of statistical analyses of sea level changes from altimetric (SSHA) and gravimetric (EWT) data before removal of seasonal signals

Results of statistical analyses of sea level changes from altimetric (SSHA) and gravimetric (EWT) data after removal of seasonal signals

Results of statistical analyses of sea level changes from altimetric (SSHA) and sea surface temperature (HRSST) data after removal of seasonal signals

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