Figure 1.
Figure 2.
Figure 3.
Figure 4.
Figure 5.
Figure 6.
Figure 7.
Figure 8.
List of CORS
| Station ID | Latitude | Longitude | H | Station ID | Latitude | Longitude | H |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ADFO | N24°58′46.241″ | E32°52′49.913″ | 105.97 | QANA | N26°09′22.293″ | E32°43′18.173″ | 101.20 |
| ADWH | N28°41′41.549″ | E30°46′01.677″ | 64.61 | QANT | N30°51′27.105″ | E32°18′36.257″ | 34.11 |
| ASHM | N30°17′40.001″ | E30°59′04.720″ | 39.67 | RMDN | N30°17′26.508″ | E31°44′23.437″ | 149.50 |
| AYAT | N29°37′06.841″ | E31°15′22.315″ | 58.82 | RSHD | N31°24′19.102″ | E30°25′17.957″ | 36.85 |
| BADR | N30°34′57.049″ | E30°42′37.032″ | 47.94 | SDAT | N30°22′31.934″ | E30°29′34.676″ | 71.50 |
| BLTM | N31°33′11.924″ | E31°05′40.480″ | 30.37 | SHKH | N31°06′24.609″ | E30°56′26.923″ | 30.55 |
| BNHA | N30°28′15.304″ | E31°10′45.118″ | 46.02 | SMLT | N28°18′38.917″ | E30°42′39.376″ | 71.19 |
| CARO | N30°01′55.725″ | E31°12′55.058″ | 75.57 | SUEF | N29°04′53.755″ | E31°05′30.069″ | 60.47 |
| DMNH | N31°02′27.912″ | E30°27′57.358″ | 41.63 | SUZE | N29°59′18.836″ | E32°31′19.498″ | 47.13 |
| ETSA | N29°14′15.413″ | E30°47′49.999″ | 41.64 | TANT | N30°47′36.413″ | E30°59′35.224″ | 40.81 |
| HMOL | N31°18′35.684″ | E31°09′02.195″ | 44.08 | THAT | N26°46′09.649″ | E31°29′50.601″ | 87.69 |
| ISML | N30°36′15.307″ | E32°18′00.940″ | 43.27 | TSHT | N26°07′06.090″ | E32°05′40.335″ | 88.37 |
| ISNA | N25°17′20.274″ | E32°33′28.518″ | 102.49 | WAKF | N26°03′41.760″ | E32°25′52.706″ | 109.83 |
| KBER | N30°43′56.659″ | E31°40′21.508″ | 33.15 | DYNG | N38°04′42.788″ | E23°55′56.765″ | 510.56 |
| LXOR | N25°42′29.159″ | E32°39′09.500″ | 110.58 | NICO | N35°08′27.558″ | E33°23′47.216″ | 190.02 |
| MNSH | N26°29′00.621″ | E31°47′39.230″ | 96.24 | NKLG | N00°21′14.072″ | E09°40′19.660″ | 31.49 |
| MNZL | N31°09′36.216″ | E31°56′04.274″ | 36.95 | NOT1 | N36°52′33.049″ | E14°59′23.246″ | 126.35 |
| MOUS | N27°38′36.827″ | E30°51′27.876″ | 82.44 | RAMO | N30°35′51.388″ | E34°45′47.314″ | 886.84 |
| MTMR | N30°54′45.358″ | E30°09′31.184″ | 33.16 | YKRO | N06°52′14.023″ | W05°14′24.327″ | 270.26 |
Statistics of continuous lack of observation data for ESA-CORS
| Station ID | DOY 201 | DOY 202 | DOY 203 | Station ID | DOY 201 | DOY 202 | DOY 203 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ADFO | 4 h | - | - | QANA | 9 h | 9 h | 9 h |
| ADWH | 1 h | - | - | QANT | 1 h | - | - |
| BLTM | 6 h | 12 h | 8 h | RMDN | 3 h | - | - |
| DMNH | 13 h | 6 h | 5 h | THAT | 1 h | - | - |
| ISNA | 2 h | - | - | TSHT | 8 h | - | - |
| KBER | 16 h | 16 h | 16 h | WAKF | 22 h | - | - |
| MNSH | 1 h | - | - |
Statistics of static-PPP solution for ESA-CORS in millimeters
| DOY201 | DOY202 | DOY203 | Overall mean values | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| E | N | h | E | N | h | E | N | h | E | N | h | |
| Max. | 20.0 | 15.0 | 44.0 | 10.0 | 15.0 | 48.0 | 9.0 | 10.0 | 48.0 | 13.0 | 13.3 | 46.7 |
| μ | 6.5 | 4.2 | 18.5 | 6.0 | 4.6 | 17.4 | 4.3 | 4.2 | 17.6 | 5.6 | 4.3 | 17.8 |
| Min. | 0.0 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.0 |
| RMSE | 7.7 | 5.6 | 22.3 | 6.4 | 5.8 | 22.7 | 4.8 | 5.0 | 22.2 | 6.3 | 5.5 | 22.4 |
| SD | 4.2 | 3.8 | 12.8 | 2.3 | 3.6 | 14.8 | 2.1 | 3.8 | 13.7 | 2.9 | 3.7 | 13.8 |
| SD95% | 2.1 | 1.8 | 5.8 | 2.0 | 1.8 | 6.3 | 1.9 | 1.8 | 7.0 | 2.0 | 1.8 | 6.4 |
List of available PPP software and free online services
| Software package | Provider | |
|---|---|---|
| PPP software package | gLAB | Research group of Astronomy and Geomatics (gAGE) from the Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya (UPC) (Sanz et al. 2012) |
| Net_Diff | GNSS Analysis Center, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences (https://github.com/YizeZhang/Net_Diff) | |
| PRIDE PPP-AR | GNSS Research Center of Wuhan University, China (https://geodesy.noaa.gov/gps-toolbox/PRIDE.htm) | |
| GAMP | Research group at the German Research Centre for Geosciences GFZ (Zhou et al. 2018) | |
| Bernese GNSS V. 5.2 | Astronomical Institute of the University of Bern (AIUB), Switzerland (Dach & Walser 2015) | |
| GIPSY-OASIS II | Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), California Institute of Technology, USA (https://gipsy-oasis.jpl.nasa.gov/index.php?page=software) | |
| RTKLIB | Tomoja Takasu at Tokyo University Marine Science and Technology, Japan (http://www.rtklib.com/) | |
| NAPEOS | European Space Agency (http://www.esa.int/Enabling_Support/Operations/NAPEOS) | |
| GAMIT/GLOBK | Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) (http://geoweb.mit.edu/gg/) | |
| PPP free online service | CSRS-PPP | Canadian Geodetic Survey (CGS) (https://webapp.geod.nrcan.gc.ca/geod/tools-outils/ppp.php) |
| APPS-PPP | Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), California Institute of Technology, USA (http://apps.gdgps.net/) | |
| GAPS-PPP | GNSS Analysis and Positioning Software, Department of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering University of New Brunswick (http://gaps.gge.unb.ca/) | |
| magicGNSS | GMV Aerospace and Defence S.A., Spain (https://magicgnss.gmv.com/) | |
Statistics of static-PPP solution for IGS-CORS in millimeters
| DOY201 | DOY202 | DOY203 | Mean | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| E | N | h | E | N | h | E | N | h | E | N | h | |
| Max. | 3.0 | 3.0 | 8.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 12.0 | 4.0 | 2.0 | 5.0 | 3.0 | 2.3 | 8.3 |
| μ | 1.3 | 1.2 | 3.3 | 1.0 | 1.3 | 5.5 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 3.0 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 3.9 |
| Min. | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 1.0 |
| RMSE | 1.7 | 1.6 | 4.5 | 1.3 | 1.5 | 6.7 | 1.8 | 1.2 | 3.2 | 1.6 | 1.4 | 4.8 |
| SD | 1.2 | 1.2 | 3.3 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 4.2 | 1.5 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 2.9 |
| SD95% | 1.0 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 0.5 | 0.8 | 1.3 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 1.1 |
CSRS-PPP processing parameters
| Item | Processing parameter |
|---|---|
| GNSS system | GPS and GLONASS |
| Reference system | ITRF2014 (epoch 2019) |
| Coordinate format | XYZ/Ellipsoidal/UTM |
| Satellite orbit and clock ephemeris | IGS final (Orbit: 15-minute interval & clock: 30-second interval) |
| Satellite phase center offsets | IGS-ANTEX (NGS 2021) |
| Receiver phase center offsets | IGS-ANTEX (NGS 2021) |
| Elevation angle | 7.5° |
| Sampling rate | 30 s |
| Ionospheric model | Linear ionosphere-free combination + second-order parameters |
| Tropospheric model | Dry: Davis (GPT) (Sakurai 1985; Kouba 2009) Wet: Hopfield model (GPT) (Hopfield 1969; Kouba 2009) VMF1 (Böhm & Schuh 2004) |
| Software | CSRS-PPP |
| Observation data | Single/dual frequency and static/kinematic |
| Data transfer | |
| Ocean tide loading | FES 2004 (Le Provost & Lyard 1997) |