Performance Assessment of PPP-AR Positioning and Zenith Total Delay Estimation with Modernized CSRS-PPP

Atiz, Omer Faruk; Kalayci, Ibrahim

doi:10.2478/arsa-2021-0003

Abstract

The precise point positioning (PPP) method has become more popular due to powerful online global navigation satellite system (GNSS) data processing services, such as the Canadian Spatial Reference System-PPP (CSRS-PPP). At the end of 2020, the CSRS-PPP service launched the ambiguity resolution (AR) feature for global positioning system (GPS) satellites. More reliable results are obtained with AR compared to the results with traditional ambiguity-float PPP. In this study, the performance of the modernized CSRS-PPP was comparatively assessed in terms of static positioning and zenith total delay (ZTD) estimation. Data for 1 month in the year 2019 obtained from 47 international GNSS service (IGS) stations were processed before and after modernization of the CSRS-PPP. The processes were conducted for GPS and GPS + GLONASS (GLObalnaya NAvigatsionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema) satellite combinations. Besides, the results were analyzed in terms of accuracy and convergence time. According to the solutions, the AR feature of the CSRS-PPP improved the accuracy by about 50% in the east component for GPS + GLONASS configuration. The root-mean-square error (RMSE) of the ZTD difference between modernized CSRS-PPP service and IGS final troposphere product is 5.8 mm for the GPS-only case.

References

Alcay S., Gungor M. (2020). Investigation of ionospheric TEC anomalies caused by space weather conditions. Astrophysics and Space Science, 365(9), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10509-020-03862-x10.1007/s10509-020-03862-x
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Alcay S., Inal C., Yigit C., Yetkin, M. (2012). Comparing GLONASS-only with GPS-only and hybrid positioning in various length of baselines. Acta Geodaetica et Geophysica Hungarica, 47(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1556/AGeod.47.2012.1.110.1556/AGeod.47.2012.1.1
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Alcay S., Ogutcu S., Kalayci I., Yigit C.O. (2019). Displacement monitoring performance of relative positioning and Precise Point Positioning (PPP) methods using simulation apparatus, Advances in Space Research, 63, 5, 1697–1707. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2018.11.00310.1016/j.asr.2018.11.003
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Alcay S., Turgut M. (2021). Evaluation of the positioning performance of multi-GNSS RTPPP method, Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 14, 3, 155, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-021-06534-4.10.1007/s12517-021-06534-4
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Alcay S., Yigit C. O. (2017). Network based performance of GPS-only and combined GPS/GLONASS positioning under different sky view conditions. Acta Geodaetica et Geophysica, 52(3), 345-356. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40328-016-0173-510.1007/s40328-016-0173-5
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Atiz O.F., Alcay S., Ogutcu S. (2020). Investigation of the Performance of Galileo only Precise Point Positioning, International Conference on Engineering Technologies (ICENTE20), 19-21, November 2020, Konya, Turkey
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Banville S., (2020). CSRS-PPP Version 3: Tutorial, https://webapp.geod.nrcan.gc.ca/geod/tools-outils/sample_doc_filesV3/NRCan%20CSRSPPP-v3_Tutorial%20EN.pdf Accessed on 29.03.2021.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Banville S., Geng J., Loyer S., Schaer S., Springer T., Strasser S., (2020). On the interoperability of IGS products for precise point positioning with ambiguity resolution. Journal of Geodesy, 94(1), 10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-019-01335-w10.1007/s00190-019-01335-w
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Banville S., Hassen E., Lamothe P., Farinaccio J., Donahue B., Mireault Y., Goudarzi M. A., Collins P., Ghoddousi-Fard R., Kamali O. (2021). Enabling ambiguity resolution in CSRSPPP. Navigation, 68(2), 433–451. https://doi.org/10.1002/navi.42310.1002/navi.423
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Bertiger W., Bar-Sever Y., Dorsey A., Haines B., Harvey N., Hemberger D., ... Willis P. (2020). GipsyX/RTGx, a new tool set for space geodetic operations and research. Advances in Space Research, 66(3), 469-489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2020.04.01510.1016/j.asr.2020.04.015
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Bulbul S., Bilgen B., Inal C. (2021). The performance assessment of Precise Point Positioning (PPP) under various observation conditions. Measurement, 171, 108780. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2020.10878010.1016/j.measurement.2020.108780
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Cai C., Gao Y. (2013). Modeling and assessment of combined GPS/GLONASS precise point positioning. GPS Solutions, 17(2), 223-236. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-012-0273-910.1007/s10291-012-0273-9
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Cai C., Liu Z., Luo X. (2013). Single-frequency ionosphere-free precise point positioning using combined GPS and GLONASS observations. The Journal of Navigation, 66(3), 417-434. https://doi.org/10.1017/S037346331300003910.1017/S0373463313000039
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Collins P., Bisnath S., Lahaye F., Héroux, P. (2010). Undifferenced GPS ambiguity resolution using the decoupled clock model and ambiguity datum fixing. Navigation, 57(2), 123-135. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-4296.2010.tb01772.x10.1002/j.2161-4296.2010.tb01772.x
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Elsobeiey M., Al-Harbi S. (2016). Performance of real-time Precise Point Positioning using IGS real-time service. GPS Solutions, 20(3), 565-571. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-015-0467-z10.1007/s10291-015-0467-z
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Ge M., Gendt G., Rothacher M. A., Shi C., Liu J. (2008). Resolution of GPS carrier-phase ambiguities in precise point positioning (PPP) with daily observations. Journal of Geodesy, 82(7), 389-399. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-007-0187-410.1007/s00190-007-0187-4
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Geng J., Chen X., Pan Y., Mao S., Li C., Zhou J., Zhang K. (2019). PRIDE PPP-AR: an open-source software for GPS PPP ambiguity resolution. GPS Solutions, 23(4), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-019-0888-110.1007/s10291-019-0888-1
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Goudarzi M. A., Banville S., 2018. Application of PPP with ambiguity resolution in earth surface deformation studies: a case study in eastern Canada. Survey Review, 50(363), 531-544. https://doi.org/10.1080/00396265.2017.133795110.1080/00396265.2017.1337951
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Guo Q. (2015). Precision comparison and analysis of four online free PPP services in static positioning and tropospheric delay estimation. GPS Solutions, 19(4), 537-544. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-014-0413-510.1007/s10291-014-0413-5
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Håkansson M., Jensen A. B., Horemuz M., Hedling G. (2017). Review of code and phase biases in multi-GNSS positioning. GPS Solutions, 21(3), 849-860. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-016-0572-710.1007/s10291-016-0572-7
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Hu H., Gao J., Yao Y., 2014. Land deformation monitoring in mining area with PPP-AR. International Journal of Mining Science and Technology, 24(2), 207-212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmst.2014.01.01110.1016/j.ijmst.2014.01.011
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Jokinen A., Feng S., Schuster W., Ochieng W., Hide C., Moore T., Hill C. (2013). GLONASS aided GPS ambiguity fixed precise point positioning. The Journal of Navigation, 66(3), 399-416. https://doi.org/10.1017/S037346331300005210.1017/S0373463313000052
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Katsigianni G., Loyer S., Perosanz F., (2019). PPP and PPP-AR Kinematic Post-Processed Performance of GPS-Only, Galileo-Only and Multi-GNSS. Remote Sensing, 11(21), 2477. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs1121247710.3390/rs11212477
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Kouba J., Héroux P. (2001). Precise point positioning using IGS orbit and clock products. GPS Solutions, 5(2), 12-28. https://doi.org/10.1007/PL0001288310.1007/PL00012883
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Krasuski K., C´wiklak J., Jafernik H. (2018). Aircraft positioning using PPP method in GLONASS system, Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology, Vol. 90 No. 9, pp. 1413-1420. https://doi.org/10.1108/AEAT-06-2017-014710.1108/AEAT-06-2017-0147
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Krzan G., Przestrzelski P. (2016). GPS/GLONASS precise point positioning with IGS real-time service products. Acta Geodynamica et Geomaterialia, 13(1), 69-81. https://doi.org/10.13168/AGG.2015.004710.13168/AGG.2015.0047
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Laurichesse D., Mercier F., Berthias J. P., Broca P., Cerri L. (2009). Integer ambiguity resolution on undifferenced GPS phase measurements and its application to PPP and satellite precise orbit determination. Navigation, 56(2), 135-149. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-4296.2009.tb01750.x10.1002/j.2161-4296.2009.tb01750.x
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Leick A., Rapoport L., Tatarnikov D. (2015). GPS Satellite Surveying. John Wiley & Sons.10.1002/9781119018612
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Li X., Li X., Yuan Y., Zhang K., Zhang X., Wickert J., (2018). Multi-GNSS phase delay estimation and PPP ambiguity resolution: GPS, BDS, GLONASS, Galileo. Journal of Geodesy, 92(6), 579-608. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-017-1081-310.1007/s00190-017-1081-3
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Melbourne W.G. (1985). The case for ra nging in GPS-based geodetic systems. 1st International Symposium on Precise Point Positioning with GPS. Rockville, Maryland.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Mendez Astudillo J., Lau L., Tang Y. T., Moore T. (2018). Analysing the zenith tropospheric delay estimates in on-line precise point positioning (PPP) services and PPP software packages. Sensors, 18(2), 580. https://doi.org/10.3390/s1802058010.3390/s18020580585502429443876
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Ogutcu S., (2020a). Performance analysis of ambiguity resolution on PPP and relative positioning techniques: consideration of satellite geometry. International Journal of Engineering and Geosciences, 5(2), 73-93. https://doi.org/10.26833/ijeg.58002710.26833/ijeg.580027
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Ogutcu S., (2020b). Assessing the contribution of Galileo to GPS+ GLONASS PPP: Towards full operational capability. Measurement, 151, 107143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2019.10714310.1016/j.measurement.2019.107143
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Ogutcu S., Kalayci, I. (2016). Investigation of network-based RTK techniques: a case study in urban area. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 9(3), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-015-2262-010.1007/s12517-015-2262-0
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Otsuka Y., Ogawa T., Saito A., Tsugawa T., Fukao S., Miyazaki S. (2002). A new technique for mapping of total electron content using GPS network in Japan. Earth, Planets and Space, 54(1), 63-70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-006-0029-510.1007/s10291-006-0029-5
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Pikridas C., Katsougiannopoulos S., Zinas N. (2014). A comparative study of zenith tropospheric delay and precipitable water vapor estimates using scientific GPS processing software and web based automated PPP service. Acta Geodaetica et Geophysica, 49(2), 177-188. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40328-014-0047-710.1007/s40328-014-0047-7
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Shi J. (2012). Precise Point Positioning Integer Ambiguity Resolution with Decoupled Clocks (Unpublished doctoral thesis). University of Calgary, Calgary, AB. http://dx.doi.org/10.11575/PRISM/27397
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Shi J., Gao Y. (2014). A comparison of three PPP integer ambiguity resolution methods. GPS Solutions, 18(4), 519-528. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-013-0348-2.10.1007/s10291-013-0348-2
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Subirana J. S., Zornoza J. J., Hernández-Pajares M. (2013). GNSS Data Processing. Volume 1: Fundamentals and Algorithms. ESA Communications, ESTEC, PO Box, 299, 2200.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Takasu T., Yasuda A. (2009, November). Development of the low-cost RTK-GPS receiver with an open source program package RTKLIB. In International symposium on GPS/GNSS (Vol. 1). International Convention Center, Jeju, Korea.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Tegedor J., Liu X., Ørpen O., Treffers N., Goode M., Øvstedal O., (2015). Comparison between multi-constellation ambiguity-fixed PPP and RTK for maritime precise navigation. Journal of Applied Geodesy, 9(2), 73-80. https://doi.org/10.1515/jag-2014-002810.1515/jag-2014-0028
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Tétreault P., Kouba J., Héroux P., Legree, P. (2005). CSRS-PPP: an internet service for GPS user access to the Canadian Spatial Reference Frame. Geomatica, 59(1), 17-28.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Wang G., Bao Y., Cuddus Y., Jia X., Serna J., Jing Q. (2015). A methodology to derive precise landslide displacement time series from continuous GPS observations in tectonically active and cold regions: a case study in Alaska. Natural Hazards, 77(3), 1939-1961. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-015-1684-z10.1007/s11069-015-1684-z
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Wu Q., Sun M., Zhou C., Zhang P. (2019). Precise point positioning using dual-frequency GNSS observations on smartphone. Sensors, 19(9), 2189. https://doi.org/10.3390/s1909218910.3390/s19092189653903431083567
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Wübbena G. (1985) Software developments for geodetic positioning with GPS using TI-4100 code and carrier measurements. 1st International Symposium on Precise Point Positioning with GPS. Rockville, Maryland.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Xiao G., Liu G., Ou J., Liu G., Wang S., Guo A. (2020). MG-APP: an open-source software for multi-GNSS precise point positioning and application analysis. GPS Solutions, 24(3), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-020-00976-110.1007/s10291-020-00976-1
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Yigit C.O, Gikas V., Alcay S., Ceylan A. (2014). Performance evaluation of short to long term GPS, GLONASS and GPS/GLONASS post-processed PPP, Survey Review, 46(3), 155-166. https://doi.org/10.1179/1752270613Y.000000006810.1179/1752270613Y.0000000068
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Zumberge J. F., Heflin M. B., Jefferson D. C., Watkins M. M., Webb F. H. (1997). Precise point positioning for the efficient and robust analysis of GPS data from large networks. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 102 (B3), 5005-5017. https://doi.org/10.1029/96JB0386010.1029/96JB03860
Search in Google Scholar Back to article

Performance Assessment of PPP-AR Positioning and Zenith Total Delay Estimation with Modernized CSRS-PPP

Abstract

Paradigm

My account