Fluoride ion emission, shear bond strength, and adhesive remnant index of calcium fluoride nanoparticles-containing orthodontic primer: an In Vitro study

Nurin Afrina Syasya Azren; Sunittha Gopala Krishnan; May Nak Lau; Yasmin Kamarudin; Ghee Seong Lim; Nosizana Mohd Salleh; Ninie Suhana Abdul Manan

doi:10.2478/aoj-2025-0016

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Fluoride ion emission, shear bond strength, and adhesive remnant index of calcium fluoride nanoparticles-containing orthodontic primer: an In Vitro study

Australasian Orthodontic Journal

Volume 41 (2025): Issue 1 (January 2025)

By: Nurin Afrina Syasya Azren, Sunittha Gopala Krishnan, May Nak Lau, Yasmin Kamarudin, Ghee Seong Lim, Nosizana Mohd Salleh and Ninie Suhana Abdul Manan

Open Access

|Jun 2025

Figures & Tables

FESEM view of (A) Control primer at a magnification of X 1000; (B) nCaF₂-containing orthodontic primer with a concentration of 30% nCaF₂ at a magnification of X 80; and (C) nCaF₂-containing orthodontic primer with a concentration of 30% nCaF₂ at a magnification of X 1000.

(A) and (B) Mean fluoride ion released from control, 20%, 30%, and 40% nCaF₂2-containing orthodontic primer.

Table I.

Mean, standard deviation, and range (minimum - maximum) of the fluoride ion releases for each group

	Control				20% nCaF₂				30% naFC₂				40% nCaF₂
	Mean	SD	Min	Max	Mean	SD	Min	Max	Mean	SD	Min	Max	Mean	SD	Min	Max
Day 1	0.019	0.007	0.01	0.03	0.066	0.010	0.05	0.08	1.329	0.206	1.10	1.60	1.971	0.1 1 1	1.80	2.10
Day 2	0.004	0.005	0.00	0.01	0.041	0.009	0.03	0.05	0.869	0.385	0.90	1.10	1.086	0.107	1.00	1.30
Day 3	0.000	0.000	0.00	0.00	0.01 1	0.004	0.01	0.02	0.083	0.018	0.06	0.1 1	0.120	0.022	0.09	0.15
Day 4	0.000	0.000	0.00	0.00	0.016	0.008	0.01	0.03	0.036	0.024	0.01	0.07	0.051	0.042	0.00	0.1 1
Day 5	0.000	0.000	0.00	0.00	0.01 1	0.004	0.01	0.02	0.013	0.008	0.00	0.02	0.043	0.035	0.00	0.09
Day 6	0.000	0.000	0.00	0.00	0.014	0.010	0.00	0.03	0.006	0.005	0.00	0.01	0.026	0.025	0.00	0.07
Day 7	0.000	0.000	0.00	0.00	0.010	0.006	0.00	0.02	0.010	0.006	0.00	0.02	0.021	0.015	0.01	0.05
Day 8	0.000	0.000	0.00	0.00	0.010	0.006	0.00	0.02	0.01 1	0.004	0.01	0.02	0.026	0.008	0.02	0.04
Day 9	0.000	0.000	0.00	0.00	0.01 1	0.004	0.01	0.02	0.013	0.008	0.01	0.03	0.017	0.008	0.01	0.03
Day 1 0	0.000	0.000	0.00	0.00	0.01 1	0.004	0.01	0.02	0.009	0.004	0.00	0.01	0.014	0.008	0.01	0.03
Day 1 1	0.000	0.000	0.00	0.00	0.01 1	0.004	0.01	0.02	0.009	0.004	0.00	0.01	0.01 1	0.004	0.01	0.02
Day 12	0.000	0.000	0.00	0.00	0.009	0.004	0.00	0.01	0.009	0.004	0.00	0.01	0.013	0.005	0.01	0.02
Day 1 3	0.000	0.000	0.00	0.00	0.007	0.005	0.00	0.01	0.003	0.005	0.00	0.01	0.019	0.009	0.01	0.03
Day 14	0.000	0.000	0.00	0.00	0.007	0.008	0.00	0.02	0.007	0.005	0.00	0.01	0.019	0.007	0.01	0.03

1 Min, Minimum; Max, Maximum ; SD, Standard deviation.

Table II.

Kruskal Wallis ANOVA test results for differences of mean fluoride ion released between the four groups

Day	Kruskal–Wallis H	p-value
1	25.491	0.000*
2	20.590	0.000*
3	25.153	0.000*
4	16.195	0.001*
5	13.351	0.004*
6	11.750	0.008*
7	17.334	0.001*
8	22.755	0.000*
9	19.897	0.000*
10	19.890	0.000*
11	20.431	0.000*
12	18.680	0.000*
13	18.105	0.000*
14	16.819	0.001*

1* Significant (p < 0.05).

Table III.

Friedman ANOVA test results for pairwise differences in the mean fluoride ion released between the four groups

				95% Confidence interval
Group	Mean difference	Std error	p-value	Lower bound	Upper bound
Control
20%	-0.0153	0.00091	0.000*	-0.0184	-0.0122
30%	-0.1701	0.01094	0.000*	-0.2102	-0.1300
40%	-0.2439	0.00766	0.000*	-0.2719	-0.2158
20%
Control	0.0153	0.00091	0.000*	0.0122	0.0184
30%	-0.1548	0.01097	0.000*	-0.1948	-0.1148
40%	-0.2286	0.00770	0.000*	-0.2565	-0.2006
30%
Control	0.1701	0.01094	0.000*	0.1300	0.2102
20%	0.1548	0.01097	0.000*	0.1148	0.1948
40%	-0.0738	0.01335	0.001*	-0.1159	-0.0317
40%
Control	0.2439	0.00766	0.000*	0.2158	0.2719
20%	0.2286	0.00770	0.000*	0.2006	0.2565
30%	0.0738	0.01335	0.001*	0.0317	0.1159

1* Significant (p<0.05).

1 Std error, Standard error.

Table IV.

Mean, standard deviation, and range (minimum – maximum) of shear bond strength

Group	Mean	SD	Min	Max
Control	9.50	2.08	7.15	13.11
20%	10.70	3.00	7.65	16.28
30%	9.61	1.74	6.59	12.50
40%	5.44	3.72	1.95	11.93

1 Min, Minimum; Max, Maximum; SD, Standard deviation.

Table V.

Post-hoc pairwise comparison of shear bond strength

Group	Mean difference	p	95% Confidence interval
Group	Mean difference	p	Lower bound	Upper bound
Control
20%	-1.20	0.845	-5.249	2.848
30%	-0.11	1.000	-4.161	3.935
40%	4.06*	0.049	0.015	8.111
20%
Control	1.20	0.845	-2.848	5.249
30%	1.09	0.880	-2.961	5.135
40%	5.26*	0.008	1.216	9.312
30%
Control	0.11	1.000	-3.935	4.161
20%	-1.09	0.880	-5.135	2.961
40%	4.18*	0.041	0.128	8.225
40%
Control	-4.06*	0.049	-8.111	-0.015
20%	-5.26*	0.008	-9.312	-1.216
30%	-4.18*	0.041	-8.225	-0.128

1* Significant (p< 0.05).

Table VI.

Frequency of adhesive remnant index scores between groups

	Frequency
Group	0	1	2	3
Control	1 (100.0%)	2 (14.29%)	4 (40.0%)	0 (0.0%)
20%	0 (0.0%)	4 (28.57%)	2 (20.0%)	1 (33.33%)
30%	0 (0.0%)	2 (14.29%)	3 (30.0%)	2 (66.67%)
40%	0 (0.0%)	6 (42.86%)	1 (10.0%)	0 (0.0%)

Supplementary I.

Shapiro–Wilk test results for Group A (Control/0% nCaF₂-containing orthodontic primer)

Day	Statistic	df	p
1	0.840	7	0.099
2	0.664	7	0.001*
3	0.000	7	0.000*
4	0.000	7	0.000*
5	0.000	7	0.000*
6	0.000	7	0.000*
7	0.000	7	0.000*
8	0.000	7	0.000*
9	0.000	7	0.000*
10	0.000	7	0.000*
11	0.000	7	0.000*
12	0.000	7	0.000*
13	0.000	7	0.000*
14	0.000	7	0.000*

1* Not normally distributed (p < 0.05).

Supplementary II.

Shapiro-Wilk test results for Group B (20% nCaF₂-containing orthodontic primer)

Day	Statistic	df	p
1	0.937	7	0.609
2	0.818	7	0.062
3	0.453	7	0.000*
4	0.769	7	0.020*
5	0.453	7	0.000*
6	0.937	7	0.609*
7	0.777	7	0.024*
8	0.777	7	0.024*
9	0.453	7	0.000*
10	0.453	7	0.000*
11	0.453	7	0.000*
12	0.453	7	0.000*
13	0.600	7	0.000*
14	0.833	7	0.086*

1 Not normally distributed (p< 0.05).

Supplementary III.

Shapiro–Wilk test results for Group C (30% nCaF₂-containing orthodontic primer)

Day	Statistic	df	p
1	0.888	7	0.000*
2	0.538	7	0.000*
3	0.955	7	0.772
4	0.902	7	0.346
5	0.833	7	0.086
6	0.664	7	0.001*
7	0.777	7	0.024*
8	0.453	7	0.000*
9	0.453	7	0.000*
10	0.453	7	0.000*
11	0.453	7	0.000*
12	0.453	7	0.000*
13	0.600	7	0.000*
14	0.600	7	0.000*

1* Not normally distributed (p< 0.05).

Supplementary IV.

Shapiro-Wilk test results for Group D (40% nCaF₂-containing orthodontic primer)

Day	Statistic	df	p
1	0.922	7	0.482
2	0.781	7	0.026*
3	0.978	7	0.949
4	0.928	7	0.533
5	0.916	7	0.443
6	0.909	7	0.391
7	0.816	7	0.590
8	0.769	7	0.200
9	0.833	7	0.086
10	0.646	7	0.010*
11	0.453	7	0.000*
12	0.600	7	0.000*
13	0.818	7	0.062
14	0.840	7	0.099

1* Not normally distributed (p< 0.05).

Supplementary V.

Shapiro–Wilk test (Normality test) for SBS

Group	Statistic	df	p
Control	0.888	7	0.262
20%	0.901	7	0.340
30%	0.917	7	0.444
40%	0.890	7	0.277

1* Significant (p< 0.05).

Supplementary VI.

Levene test for SBS

	Levene stat	df1	df2	p
Based on mean	1.962	3	24	0.147

1 *Significant (p< 0.05).

References

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/aoj-2025-0016 | Journal eISSN: 2207-7480 | Journal ISSN: 2207-7472

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Language: English

Page range: 215 - 228

Submitted on: Oct 1, 2024

Accepted on: Apr 1, 2025

Published on: Jun 3, 2025

Published by: Australian Society of Orthodontists Inc.

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: 1 issue per year

Related subjects:

Medicine,

Basic medical science,

Basic medical science, other

© 2025 Nurin Afrina Syasya Azren, Sunittha Gopala Krishnan, May Nak Lau, Yasmin Kamarudin, Ghee Seong Lim, Nosizana Mohd Salleh, Ninie Suhana Abdul Manan, published by Australian Society of Orthodontists Inc.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Volume 41 (2025): Issue 1 (January 2025)

Fluoride ion emission, shear bond strength, and adhesive remnant index of calcium fluoride nanoparticles-containing orthodontic primer: an In Vitro study

Figures & Tables

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

Table I.

Table II.

Table III.

Table IV.

Table V.

Table VI.

Supplementary I.

Supplementary II.

Supplementary III.

Supplementary IV.

Supplementary V.

Supplementary VI.

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