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Shaping the future of orthodontics with artificial intelligence: An overview of innovations today, insights for tomorrow

Open Access
|Apr 2025

Figures & Tables

Figure 1.

Recent research on the application of AI in orthodontics.6
Recent research on the application of AI in orthodontics.6

Figure 2.

Comparison of superimposed cephalometric landmarks on sample patient: (A) CephX, (B) AudaxCeph, (C) WebCeph.13
Comparison of superimposed cephalometric landmarks on sample patient: (A) CephX, (B) AudaxCeph, (C) WebCeph.13

Figure 3.

Sixty-six anatomical landmarks were identified on 14 teeth, representing the central contact areas of the mesial and distal contact points on the upper right and upper left teeth. The top and bottom graphics depict occlusal and frontal views, respectively.15
Sixty-six anatomical landmarks were identified on 14 teeth, representing the central contact areas of the mesial and distal contact points on the upper right and upper left teeth. The top and bottom graphics depict occlusal and frontal views, respectively.15

Figure 4.

Accuracy (A and C) and repeat measurement error (B) of the automatic landmarking method.17
Accuracy (A and C) and repeat measurement error (B) of the automatic landmarking method.17

Figure 5.

Morphometric assessment of the second (C2), third (C3) and fourth (C4) cervical vertebrae (CVs).19
Morphometric assessment of the second (C2), third (C3) and fourth (C4) cervical vertebrae (CVs).19

Figure 6.

A heatmap generated via class activation maps, which visualises information from a cephalogram. In this depiction, the red shade highlights the upper area activated when the model processes a sample indicating airway obstruction.20
A heatmap generated via class activation maps, which visualises information from a cephalogram. In this depiction, the red shade highlights the upper area activated when the model processes a sample indicating airway obstruction.20

Figure 7.

The prediction of facial morphology after orthognathic surgery and orthodontic treatment.27
The prediction of facial morphology after orthognathic surgery and orthodontic treatment.27

Figure 8.

Detailed digital setup.28
Detailed digital setup.28

Definition of the landmarks_17

LandmarkDefinition
Bilateral Landmarks
   CL, CRThe deepest point of the gingival crevice on the palatal surface of the canine. If there was gingival recession and the cemento-enamel junction was visible, this was defined as the deepest point of the cemento-enamel junction. If the canines were malpositioned, the tooth in the more correct position within the dental arch was used.
   ML, MRThe deepest point of the gingival crevice or the cemento-enamel junction on the palatal surface of the first molar. If there was gingival recession and the cemento-enamel junction was visible, this was defined as the deepest point of the cemento-enamel junction.
Midline Landmarks
   IPThe tip of the incisive papilla.
   CMThe point on the palatal raphe between the CL and CR landmarks, indicated while viewing the casts perpendicular to the anterior-incisal-occlusal plane.
   MMThe point on the palatal raphe, between the ML and MR landmarks indicated while viewing the casts perpendicular to the anterior-incisal-occlusal plane.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/aoj-2025-0007 | Journal eISSN: 2207-7480 | Journal ISSN: 2207-7472
Language: English
Page range: 88 - 99
Submitted on: Dec 1, 2024
Accepted on: Feb 1, 2025
Published on: Apr 9, 2025
Published by: Australian Society of Orthodontists Inc.
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 times per year

© 2025 Zahra Jaafar Akwaid, Eman Almousa, published by Australian Society of Orthodontists Inc.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.