Figure 1.
Recent research on the application of AI in orthodontics.6
Figure 2.
Comparison of superimposed cephalometric landmarks on sample patient: (A) CephX, (B) AudaxCeph, (C) WebCeph.13
Figure 3.
Sixty-six anatomical landmarks were identified on 14 teeth, representing the central contact areas of the mesial and distal contact points on the upper right and upper left teeth. The top and bottom graphics depict occlusal and frontal views, respectively.15
Figure 4.
Accuracy (A and C) and repeat measurement error (B) of the automatic landmarking method.17
Table I.
Definition of the landmarks.17
| Landmark | Definition |
|---|---|
| Bilateral Landmarks | |
| CL, CR | The deepest point of the gingival crevice on the palatal surface of the canine. If there was gingival recession and the cemento-enamel junction was visible, this was defined as the deepest point of the cemento-enamel junction. If the canines were malpositioned, the tooth in the more correct position within the dental arch was used. |
| ML, MR | The deepest point of the gingival crevice or the cemento-enamel junction on the palatal surface of the first molar. If there was gingival recession and the cemento-enamel junction was visible, this was defined as the deepest point of the cemento-enamel junction. |
| Midline Landmarks | |
| IP | The tip of the incisive papilla. |
| CM | The point on the palatal raphe between the CL and CR landmarks, indicated while viewing the casts perpendicular to the anterior-incisal-occlusal plane. |
| MM | The point on the palatal raphe, between the ML and MR landmarks indicated while viewing the casts perpendicular to the anterior-incisal-occlusal plane. |
Figure 5.
Morphometric assessment of the second (C2), third (C3) and fourth (C4) cervical vertebrae (CVs).19
Figure 6.
A heatmap generated via class activation maps, which visualises information from a cephalogram. In this depiction, the red shade highlights the upper area activated when the model processes a sample indicating airway obstruction.20
Figure 7.
The prediction of facial morphology after orthognathic surgery and orthodontic treatment.27
Figure 8.
Detailed digital setup.28