Figure 1.
Characteristics of the included studies_
| Author (year) | Study design/Sample size | Average age in years (M/F) | Assessment method | Molar distal movement (mm) | Molar distal tipping (°) | Premolar mesial movement (mm) | Premolar mesial tipping(°) | Mean treatment duration | Distalization rate | Distalizing appliance (N° of miniscrews) | TAD’s lenght | Skeletal anchorage site | Applied distalization force |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cassetta (2019) | Prospective (case control)/10 | 13.1 (-/-) | Lateral cephalograms + Digital cast models | 5.30 | 0.01 | -4.30 | -7.70 | 6.0 months | 0.88 mm/month | TAD-supported distal jet appliance (2) | D = 2.5 mm | Paramedian area of the anterior palate | Coil spring compressed with a force of 250N (200–400g) |
| Jo (2018) | Retrospective/20 | 22.4 (4M/16F) | Lateral cephalograms | 3.97 | 2.93 | - | - | 25.8 months | 0.15 mm/month | Modified C-palatal plate (3) | D = 2 mm | Paramedian area of the midpalatal suture | 300g/side |
| Kircali (2018) | -/20 | 14.05 (7M/13F) | Lateral cephalograms + Dental cast models | 4.20 | 8.90 | -2.20 | -3.40 | 8.4 months | 0.50 mm/month | TAD-anchored pendulum appliance (1) | D = 1.9 mm | Paramedian area of the anterior palate | 250g/side |
| Lee (2018) | Retrospective/22 | 21.9 (-/-) | Lateral cephalograms | 4.20 | 2.00 | - | - | - | - | Modified C-palatal plate (3) | D = 2 mm | Paramedian palate | 300g/side |
| Cambiano (2017) | Retrospective/18 | 14.0 (4M/14F) | Lateral cephalograms | 3.45 | 11.24 | -1.65 | 0.46 | 4.8 months | 0.72 mm/month | Bone-anchored pendulum appliance (2) | D = 2.4 mm | Paramedian area of the anterior palate | 250g |
| Park (2017) | -/22 | 24.7 (6M/16F) | Lateral cephalograms | 4.22 | 3.85 | - | - | 29.9 months | 0.14 mm/month | Modified C-palatal plate (3) | D = 2 mm | Paramedian palate | 300g/side |
| Duran (2016) | Prospective/21 | 13.6 (12M/9F) | Digital cast models | 4.10 | 11.02 | -2.90 | -6.21 | 5.3 months | 1.02 mm/month | Hyrax screw (2) | D = 1.7 mm | Anterior palate | The screw was activated by 0.2 mm every 5 days |
| Kook (2014) | Retrospective/20 | 22.9 (7M/13F) | CBCT’s derived cephalograms | 3.30 | 3.42 | -3.05 | -8.38 | 12.5 months | 0.30 mm/month | Modified palatal anchorage plate (3) | D = 2 mm | Paramedian palate | 300g/side |
| Nienkemper (2014) | Retrospective/A: 23 B: 14 | A: 13.7 | Lateral cephalograms | A: 3.70 | A: 2.40 - B: -1.20 | - | - 7.5 months | A: 0.50 mm/month B: 0.44 mm/month | Beneslider (2) | D = 2 mm | Median area of the anterior palate | 5N (510g) | |
| Kaya (2013) | Retrospective/20 | 14.3 (5M/10F) | Lateral cephalograms | 3.00 | 8.80 | -1.83 | -6.10 | 8.1 months | 0.37 mm/month | Implant-supported pendulum (2) | D = 2 mm | Paramedian area of the anterior palate | 230g/side |
| Suzuki (2013) | -/20 | 23.2 (8M/12F) | Lateral cephalograms + Dental cast models | 4.50 | 4.10 | - | - | 3.2 months | 1.40 mm/month | iPanda (2) | D = 1.6 | Midpalatal suture | 1N (102g) |
Methodologic quality scoring protocol (maximum score, 9 points)_
| Study design |
| 3 points: randomized clinical trial |
| 2 points: randomization process not well described or controlled prospective study |
| 1 point: uncontrolled prospective study |
| 0 point: retrospective study or not mentioned |
| Sample size |
| 1 point: larger than or equal to 15 subjects |
| 0 point: less than 15 subjects |
| Sample description |
| 2 points: description of all 3 items (age, sex, mean treatment duration) |
| 1 point: only 2 items described |
| 0 point: only 1 item described |
| Error analysis |
| 1 point: error analysis value cited |
| 0 point: error analysis value not cited, or error analysis not performed |
| Statistical analysis |
| 2 points: adequate |
| 1 point: partially adequate |
| 0 point: no statistical tests conducted |
Search strategy_
| Search strategy for Pubmed |
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| Search strategy for CENTRAL |
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| Search strategy for Scopus and for Web of Knowledge |
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Assessment of the study quality_
| Author (year) | Study design 0–3 | Sample size 0–1 | Sample description 0–2 | Method error analysis 0–1 | Adequacy of statistical analysis 0–1 | Quality score 0–9 | Quality standard |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cassetta (2019) | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 | Medium |
| Jo (2018) | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 5 | Medium |
| Kircali (2018) | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 5 | Medium |
| Lee (2018) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 4 | Medium |
| Cambiano (2017) | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 6 | Medium |
| Park (2017) | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 5 | Medium |
| Duran (2016) | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 7 | High |
| Kook (2014) | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 6 | Medium |
| Nienkemper (2014) | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 5 | Medium |
| Kaya (2013) | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 6 | Medium |
| Suzuki (2013) | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 4 | Medium |