Presence of cariogenic streptococci on various bracket materials detected by polymerase chain reaction

Pramod, Smitha; Kailasam, Vignesh; Padmanabhan, Sridevi; Chitharanjan, Arun B.

doi:10.2478/aoj-2011-0009

Abstract

Objective: To determine the in vivo presence of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus on different bracket materials and to correlate the prevalence with the Visible Plaque Index (VPI) and the Gingival Bleeding Index (GBI).

Methods: Orthodontic brackets made of different materials (stainless steel, gold, ceramic, plastic) were bonded to the upper and lower second premolars in 40 subjects receiving fixed orthodontic appliances. After 30 days, the brackets were debonded and the presence of S. mutans and S. sobrinus on the brackets was determined using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. The VPI and GBI were recorded and the relationship between the prevalence of the streptococci and the level of oral hygiene was calculated.

Results: There were fewer S. mutans and S. Sobrinus over the surface of gold and stainless steel brackets compared with the plastic and ceramic brackets. A statistically significant difference was observed in S. mutans and S. sobrinus prevalence between the metal brackets and the aesthetic brackets. However, there were no statistically significant differences in S. mutans and S. Sobrinus prevalence when the gold and stainless steel brackets were compared. Comparison between the plastic and ceramic brackets revealed a similar finding. Furthermore, a significant correlation was found between the in vivo prevalence of S. mutans and S.sobrinus and the oral hygiene indices (p < 0.05), suggesting that the oral hygiene indices could be a good indicator of S. mutans and S. sobrinus prevalence.

Conclusions: Since microbial adhesion is greater on aesthetic brackets, good oral hygiene during treatment should be emphasised.

References

Wisth PJ, Nord A. Carious experiences in orthodontically treated individuals. Angle Orthod 1977;47:59–64.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Loesche WJ. Role of Streptococcus mutans in human dental decay. Microbiol Rev 1986;50:353–80.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Hamada S, Slade HD. Biology, Immunology and cariogenicity of Streptococcus mutans. Microbio Rev 1980;44:331–384.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Beighton D, Hardie JM, Whiley RA. A scheme for the identification of viridians streptococci. J Med Microbiol 1991; 35:367–72.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
de Soet JJ, van Delen TJ, Pavicic MJAMP, de Graff J. Enumeration of mutans streptococci in clinical samples by using monoclonal antibodies. J Clin Microbiol 1990;28: 2467–72.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Igarashi T, Yamamoto A, Goto N. PCR for detection and identification of Streptococcus sobrinus. J Med Microbiol 2000;49:1069–74.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Ahn SJ, Lim BS, Lee SJ. Prevalence of cariogenic streptococci on incisor brackets detected by polymerase chain reaction. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2007;131:736–41.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Loe H, Silness J. Periodontal disease in pregnancy. I. Prevalence and severity. Act Odontol Scand 1963;21: 533–51.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Silness J, Loe H. Periodontal disease in pregnancy. II. Correlation between oral hygiene and periodontal condition. Act Odontol Scand 1964;22:121–35.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Thiyagarajah S, Spary DJ, Rock WP. A clinical comparison of bracket bond failures in association with direct and indirect bonding. J Orthod 2006;33:198–204.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Mayoral C, Norona M, Baroni MR, Giani R, Zalazar F. Evaluation of a nested PCR assay for Streptococcus pneumoniae detection in pediatric patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Rev Argent Microbiol 2005;37:184–8.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Igarashi T, Yamamoto A, Goto N. Direct detection of Streptococcus mutans in human dental plaque by polymerase chain reaction. Oral Microbiol Immunol 1996;11:294–8.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Artun J, Brobakken B. Prevalence of carious white spots after orthodontic treatment with multibonded appliances. Eur J Orthod 1986;8:229–34.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Gorelick L, Geiger AM, Gwinnett AJ. Incidence of white spot formation after bonding and banding. Am J Orthod 1982;81:93–8.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Gwinnett AJ, Ceen RF. Plaque distribution on bonded brackets: A scanning microscope study. Am J Orthod 1979;75:667–77.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Mitchell L. Decalcification during orthodontic treatment with fixed appliance: an overview. Br J Orthod 1992;19:199–205.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Papaioannou W, Gizani S, Nassika M, Kontou E, Nakou M. Adhesion of Streptococcus mutans to different types of brackets. Angle Orthod 2007;77:1090–5.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Fournier A, Payant L, Bouclin R. Adherence of Streptococcus mutans to orthodontic brackets. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop1998;114:411–17.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Brusca MI, Chara O, Sterin-Borda L, Rosa AC. Influence of different orthodontic brackets on the adherence of microorganisms in vitro. Angle Orthod 2007;77:331–6.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Van Dijk J, Herkströter F, Busscher H, Weerkamp AH, Jansen H, Arends J. Surface-free energy and bacterial adhesion. An in vivo study in beagle dogs. J Clin Periodontol 1987;14:300–4.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Eliades T, Eliades G, Brantley WA. Microbial attachment on orthodontic appliances: I. Wettability and early pellicle formation on bracket materials. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1995;108:351–60.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Weerkamp AH, Van Der Mei HC, Busscher HJ. The surface free energy of oral streptococci after being coated with saliva and its relation to adhesion in the mouth. J Dent Res 985;64:1204–10.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Bauer RE, Glantz PO. Characterization of oral in vivo films formed on different types of solid surfaces. Act Odontol Scand 1978;36:289–301.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Nyvad B, Kilian M. Comparison of the initial streptococcal microflora on dental enamel in caries-active and in caries-inactive individuals. Caries Res 1990;24:267–72.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article

Presence of cariogenic streptococci on various bracket materials detected by polymerase chain reaction

Abstract

Paradigm

My account