Probiotic Strategies in Modern Pig Production: From Gut Microbiota Modulation to Immune and Metabolic Benefits*
By: Fabian Domański and Anna Czech
References
- Al-Sadi R., Nighot P., Nighot M., Haque M., Rawat M., Ma T.Y. (2021). Lactobacillus acidophilus induces a strain-specific and toll-like receptor 2-dependent enhancement of intestinal epithelial tight junction barrier and protection against intestinal inflammation. Am. J. Pathol., 191: 872–884.
https://doi:10.1016/j.ajpath.2021.02.003 . - Ángel-Isaza J.A., Herrera Franco V., López-Herrera A., Parra-Suescun J.E. (2024). Nutraceutical additives modulate microbiota and gut health in post-weaned piglets. Vet. Sci., 11: 332.
- Baker A.A., Davis E., Spencer J.D., Moser R., Rehberger T. (2013). The effect of a Bacillus-based direct-fed microbial supplemented to sows on the gastrointestinal microbiota of their neonatal piglets. J. Anim. Sci., 91: 3390–3399.
https://doi:10.2527/jas.2012-5821 . - Balasubramanian B., Li T., Kim I.H. (2016). Effects of supplementing growing-finishing pig diets with Bacillus spp. probiotic on growth performance and meat-carcass grade quality traits. Rev. Bras. Zootec., 45: 93–100.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1806-92902016000300002 - Betancur C., Martínez Y., Tellez-Isaias G., Castillo R., Ding X. (2021). Effect of oral administration with Lactobacillus plantarum CAM6 strain on sows during gestation-lactation and the derived impact on their progeny performance. Mediat. Inflammat., 6615960.
https://doi:10.1155/2021/6615960 . - Cao S., Muniyappan M., Shi H., Kim I.H. (2025). Dietary inclusion of Bacillus-based probiotic complex improved average daily weight gain and gain-to-feed ratio and reduced faecal noxious gas emission in weaned pigs. J. Anim. Feed Sci., 34: 200–208.
https://doi.org/10.22358/jafs/193471/2025 - Casas G.A., Blavi L., Cross T.W.L., Lee A.H., Swanson K.S., Stein H.H. (2020). Inclusion of the direct-fed microbial Clostridium butyricum in diets for weanling pigs increases growth performance and tends to increase villus height and crypt depth, but does not change intestinal microbial abundance. J. Anim. Sci., 98: skz372.
https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz372 - Chatterjee M., Pushkaran A.C., Vasudevan A.K., Menon K.K.N., Biswas R., Mohan C.G. (2018). Understanding the adhesion mechanism of a mucin binding domain from Lactobacillus fermentum and its role in entero-pathogen exclusion. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 110: 598–607.
- Chlebicz-Wójcik A., Śliżewska K. (2020). The effect of recently developed synbiotic preparations on dominant fecal microbiota and organic acids concentrations in feces of pig-lets from nursing to fattening. Animals, 10: 1999.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10111999 - Choi M.K., Le M.T., Nguyen D.T., Choi H., Kim W., Kim J.H., Chun J., Hyeon J., Seo K., Park C. (2012). Genome-level identification, gene expression, and comparative analysis of porcine β-defensin genes. BMC Genet., 13: 98.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2156-13-98 - Czech A., Smolczyk A., Grela E.R., Kiesz M. (2018 a). Effect of dietary supplementation with Yarrowia lipolytica or Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast and probiotic additives on growth performance, basic nutrients digestibility and biochemical blood profile in pig-lets. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. (Berl.), 102: 1720–1730.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jpn.12987 - Czech A., Smolczyk A., Ognik K., Wlazło Ł., Nowakowicz-Dębek B., Kiesz M. (2018 b). Effect of dietary supplementation with Yarrowia lipolytica or Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast and probiotic additives on haemato-logical parameters and the gut microbiota in piglets. Res. Vet. Sci., 119: 221–227.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.06.007 - Dhanani A.S., Bagchi T. (2013). The expression of adhesin EF-Tu in response to mucin and its role in Lactobacillus adhesion and competitive inhibition of enteropathogens to mucin. J. Appl. Microbiol., 115: 546–554.
- Duarte M., Kim S. (2024). Efficacy of Saccharomyces yeast postbiotics on cell turnover, immune responses, and oxidative stress in the jejunal mucosa of young pigs. Sci. Rep., 14: 19235.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-70399-2 - Feng T., Liu Y. (2022). Microorganisms in the reproductive system and probiotic's regulatory effects on reproductive health. Computat. Struct. Biotechnol. J., 20: 1541–1553.
- Giannenas I., Doukas D., Karamoutsios A., Tzora A., Bonos E., Skoufos I., Tsinas A., Christaki E., Tontis D., Florou-Paneri P. (2016). Effects of Enterococcus faecium, mannan oligosaccharide, benzoic acid and their mixture on growth performance, intestinal microbiota, intestinal morphology and blood lymphocyte subpopulations of fattening pigs. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 220: 159–167.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.08.003 - Han E.C., Choi S.Y., Lee Y., Park J.W., Hong S.H., Lee H.J. (2019). Extracellular RNAs in periodontopathogenic outer membrane vesicles promote TNF-α production in human macrophages and cross the blood-brain barrier in mice. FASEB J., 33: 13412–13422.
https://doi:10.1096/fj.201901575R . - Han Y., Tang C., Li Y., Yu Y., Zhan T., Zhao Q., Zhang J. (2020). Effects of dietary supplementation with Clostridium butyricum on growth performance, serum immunity, intestinal morphology, and microbiota as an antibiotic alternative in weaned piglets. Animals, 10: 2287.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10122287 - Hirata M., Matsuoka M., Hashimoto T., Oura T., Ohnuki Y., Yoshida C., Morimatsu F. (2022). Supplemental Clostridium butyricum MIYAIRI 588 affects intestinal bacterial composition of finishing pigs. Microb. Environ., 37: ME22011.
https://doi.org/10.1264/jsme2.ME22011 - Hu C., Xing W., Liu X., Zhang X., Li K., Liu J., Deng B., Deng J., Li Y., Tan C. (2019). Effects of dietary supplementation of probiotic Enterococcus faecium on growth performance and gut microbiota in weaned piglets. AMB Express, 9: 33.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13568-019-0755-z - Hu Y., Dun Y., Li S., Zhang D., Peng N., Zhao S., Liang Y. (2015). Dietary Enterococcus faecalis LAB31 improves growth performance, reduces diarrhoea, and increases fecal Lactobacillus number of weaned pig-lets. PLoS ONE, 10(1): e0116635.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0116635 - Innamma N., Kaeoket K. (2025). Feeding sows with multi-species probiotics during late pregnancy and the lactating period influences IgA concentration in colostrum and subsequently increases the survival rate of pig-lets in porcine epidemic diarrhea outbreak herd. Animals, 15: 103.
https://doi:10.3390/ani15010103 - Jeon K., Song M., Lee J., Oh H., Song D., Chang S., Cho J. (2024). Effects of single and complex probiotics in growing-finishing pigs and swine compost. J. Anim. Sci. Technol., 66: 763.
https://doi.org/10.5187/jast.2024.66.4.763 - Jiang Z., Su W., Li W., Wen C., Du S., He H., Lu Z. (2023). Bacillus amyloliquefaciens 40 regulates piglet performance, antioxidant capacity, immune status and gut micro-biota. Anim. Nutr., 12: 116–127.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2022.09.006 - Kim G., Seong H., Han S.H., Kim H.R., Kim S.H., Ku H.J., Han H.J., Kim C.H., Han N.S. (2025). Gastrointestinal tolerance and gut microbiota modulation of encapsulated and free forms of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 24: e2506028.
https://doi:10.4014/jmb.2506.06028 . - Kim H.G., Kim N.R., Gim M.G., Lee J.M., Lee S.Y., Ko M.Y., Kim J.Y., Han S.H., Chung D.K (2008). Lipoteichoic acid isolated from Lactobacillus plantarum inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced TNF-α production in THP-1 cells and endotoxin shock in mice. J. Immunol., 180: 2553–2561.
- Konieczka P., Ferenc K., Jørgensen J.N., Hansen L.H., Zabielski R., Olszewski J., Gajewski Z., Mazur-Kuśnirek M., Szkopek D., Szyryńska N., Lipiński K. (2023). Feeding Bacillus-based probiotics to gestating and lactating sows is an efficient method for improving immunity, gut functional status and biofilm formation by probiotic bacteria in pig-lets at weaning. Anim. Nutr., 13: 361–372.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2023.03.003 - Lan C., Li H., Shen Y., Liu Y., Wu A., He J., Luo Y. (2024). Next-generation probiotic candidates targeting intestinal health in weaned piglets: both live and heat-killed Akkermansia muciniphila prevent pathological changes induced by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in the gut. Anim. Nutr., 17: 110–122.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2023.09.007 - Lee A.H., Rodriguez Jimenez D.M., Meisel M. (2025 a). Limosilactobacillus reuteri – a probiotic gut commensal with contextual impact on immunity. Gut Microb., 17: 2451088.
https://doi.org/10.1080/19490976.2025.2451088 - Lee T.Y., Liao Y.C., Chang H.T., Lin H.C., Weng H.M., Chang I.J., Lee J.W. (2025 b). Inclusion of multi-strained probiotics improves the fecal microbiota and carcass quality of pigs. Animals, 15: 993.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15070993 - Li H., Shang Z., Liu X., Qiao Y., Wang K., Qiao J. (2021). Clostridium butyricum alleviates enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88-induced oxidative damage through regulating the p62-Keap1-Nrf2 signaling pathway and remodeling the cecal microbial community. Front. Immunol., 12: 771826.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.771826 - Li J., Zhang Q., Zhuo Y., Fang Z., Che L., Xu S., Wu D. (2022). Effects of multi-strain probiotics and Perilla frutescens seed extract supplementation alone or combined on growth performance, antioxidant indices, and intestinal health of weaned piglets. Animals, 12: 2246.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12172246 - Li X-Q, Zhu Y-H, Zhang H-F, Yue Y, Cai Z-X, Lu Q-P, Zhang L., Weng X-G., Zhang F-J., Zhou D., Yang J-C., Wang J-F. (2012). Risks associated with high-dose Lactobacillus rhamnosus in an Escherichia coli model of piglet diarrhoea: Intestinal microbiota and immune imbalances. PLoS ONE 7(7): e40666.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0040666 - Liu C., Zhu Q., Chang J., Yin Q., Song A., Li Z., Lu F. (2017). Effects of Lactobacillus casei and Enterococcus faecalis on growth performance, immune function and gut micro-biota of suckling piglets. Arch. Anim. Nutr., 71: 120–133.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1745039X.2017.1283824 - Liu P., Zuo J., Lu H., Zhang B., Wu C. (2025). Bacillus subtilis fed to sows promotes intestinal development and regulates mucosal immunity in offspring. Vet. Sci., 12: 489.
https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12050489 - Lundin A., Bok C.M., Aronsson L., Bjorkholm B., Gustafsson J.A., Pott S., Arulampalam V., Hibberd M., Rafter J., Pettersson S. (2008). Gut flora, Toll-like receptors and nuclear receptors: a tripartite communication that tunes innate immunity in large intestine. Cell. Microbiol., 10: 1093–1103.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-5822.2007.01108.x - Marchwińska K., Gwiazdowska D. (2021). Isolation and probiotic potential of lactic acid bacteria from swine feces for feed additive composition. Arch. Microbiol., 204: 61.
https://doi:10.1007/s00203-021-02700-0 . - Mattar A.F., Teitelbaum D.H., Drongowski R.A., Yongyi F., Harmon C.M., Coran A.G. (2002). Probiotics up-regulate MUC-2 mucin gene expression in a Caco-2 cell-culture model. Pediat. Surg. Int., 18: 586–590.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00383-002-0855-7 - Narzary Y. (2025). Next-generation probiotics and animal health. In: Human and Animal Microbiome Engineering, Dharumadurai D., Sankara Narayanan A., Sarkar P. (eds). Academic Press, pp. 367–379.
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-22348-8.00022-2 - Nishiyama K., Sugiyama M., Mukai T. (2016). Adhesion properties of lactic acid bacteria on intestinal mucin. Microorganisms, 4: 34.
https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms4030034 - Noh S.Y., Kang S.S., Yun CH, Han S.H. (2015). Lipoteichoic acid from Lactobacillus plantarum inhibits Pam2CSK4-induced IL-8 production in human intestinal epithelial cells. Mol. Immunol., 64: 183–189.
https://doi:10.1016/j.molimm.2014.11.014 . - Pang J., Liu Y., Kang L., Ye H., Zang J., Wang J., Han D. (2022). Bifidobacterium animalis promotes the growth of weaning piglets by improving intestinal development, enhancing antioxidant capacity, and modulating gut microbiota. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 88: e01296-22.
https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01296-22 - Panpetch W., Phuengmaung P., Cheibcha-lard T., Somboonna N., Leelahavanichkul A., Tumwasorn S. (2021). Lacticaseibacillus casei strain T21 attenuates Clostridioides difficile infection in a murine model through reduction of inflammation and gut dysbiosis with decreased toxin lethality and enhanced mucin production. Front. Microbiol., 12: 745299.
https://doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.745299 . - Plaza-Díaz J., Ruiz-Ojeda F.J., Gil-Campos M., Gil A. (2019). Mechanisms of action of probiotics. Adv. Nutrition., 10(S1): S49–S66.
https://doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmy063 - Rybarczyk A., Bogusławska-Wąs E., Dłubała A. (2021). Effect of BioPlus YC probiotic supplementation on gut microbiota, production performance, carcass and meat quality of pigs. Animals, 11: 1581.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11061581 - Sang Y., Blecha F. (2009). Porcine host defense peptides: expanding repertoire and functions. Developmental and Comparative Immunology, 33: 334–343.
https://doi:10.1016/j.dci.2008.05.006 - Saxelin M, Tynkkynen S, Mattila-Sandholm T, de Vos WM. (2005). Probiotic and other functional microbes: from markets to mechanisms. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol., 16: 204–211.
https://doi:10.1016/j.copbio.2005.02.003 . - Shen X., Gu M., Zhan F., Cai H., Zhang K., Wang K., Li C. (2024). Porcine beta defensin 2 attenuates inflammatory responses in IPEC-J2 cells against Escherichia coli via TLRs-NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathway. BMC Vet. Res., 20: 357.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-024-04220-7 - Shin D., Chang S.Y., Bogere P., Won K., Choi J.Y., Choi Y.J., Lee H.K., Hur J., Park B.Y., Kim Y., Heo J. (2019). Beneficial roles of probiotics on the modulation of gut microbiota and immune response in pigs. PLoS ONE, 14(8): e0220843.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0220843 - Sun W., Chen W., Meng K., Cai L., Li G., Li X., Jiang X. (2023). Dietary supplementation with probiotic Bacillus licheniformis S6 improves intestinal integrity via modulating intestinal barrier function and microbial diversity in weaned piglets. Biology, 12: 238.
- Sun Y., Duarte M.E., Kim S.W. (2021). Dietary inclusion of multispecies probiotics to reduce the severity of post-weaning diarrhea caused by Escherichia coli F18+ in pigs. Anim. Nutr., 7: 326–333.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2020.08.012 - Sun Z., Li H., Li Y., Qiao J. (2020). Lactobacillus salivarius, a potential probiotic to improve the health of LPS-challenged piglet intestine by alleviating inflammation as well as oxidative stress in a dose-dependent manner during weaning transition. Front. Vet. Sci., 7: 547425.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2020.547425 - Tan C., Wei H., Sun H., Ao J., Long G., Jiang S., Peng J. (2015). Effects of dietary supplementation of oregano essential oil to sows on oxidative stress status, lactation feed intake of sows, and piglet performance. BioMed Res. Int., 525218.
httsp://doi:10.1155/2015/525218 . - Tan H., Zhai Q., Chen W. (2019). Investigations of Bacteroides spp. towards next-generation probiotics. Food Res. Int., 116: 637–644.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2018.09.031 - Tian Z., Cui Y., Lu H., Wang G., Ma X. (2021 a). Effect of long-term dietary probiotic Lacto-bacillus reuteri 1 or antibiotics on meat quality, muscular amino acids and fatty acids in pigs. Meat Sci., 171: 108234.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2020.108234 - Tian Z., Wang X., Duan Y., Zhao Y., Zhang W., Azad M.A.K., Kong X. (2021 b). Dietary supplementation with Bacillus subtilis promotes growth and gut health of weaned pig-lets. Front. Vet. Sci., 7: 600772.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2020.600772 - Valenzuela-Grijalva N.V., Pinelli-Saavedra A., Muhlia-Almazán A., Domínguez-Díaz D., González-Ríos H. (2017). Dietary inclusion effects of phytochemicals as growth promoters in animal production. J. Anim. Sci. Technol., 59: 1–17.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40781-017-0133-9 - Valeriano V.D., Bagon B.B., Balolong M.P., Kang D.K. (2016). Carbohydrate-binding specificities of potential probiotic Lactobacillus strains in porcine jejunal (IPEC-J2) cells and porcine mucin. J. Microbiol., 54: 510–519.
- Veldhuizen E.J., Rijnders M., Claassen E.A., van Dijk A., Haagsman H.P. (2008). Porcine β-defensin 2 displays broad antimicrobial activity against pathogenic intestinal bacteria. Mol. Immunol., 45: 386–394.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molimm.2007.06.001 - Wagner R.D., Johnson S.J. (2012). Probiotic lactobacillus and estrogen effects on vaginal epithelial gene expression responses to Candida albicans. J. Biomed. Sci., 19: 58.
https://doi:10.1186/1423-0127-19-58 . - Walsh M.C., Rostagno M.H., Gardiner G.E., Sutton A.L., Richert B.T., Radcliffe J.S. (2012). Controlling Salmonella infection in weanling pigs through water delivery of direct-fed microbials or organic acids. Part I: effects on growth performance, microbial populations, and immune status. J. Anim. Sci., 90: 261–271.
https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2011-4383 - Wang K., Hu C., Tang W., Azad M.A.K., Zhu Q., He Q., Kong X. (2021). The enhancement of intestinal immunity in offspring piglets by maternal probiotic or synbiotic supplementation is associated with the alteration of gut microbiota. Front. Nutr., 8: 686053.
https://doi:10.3389/fnut.2021.686053 - Wang M., Wu H., Lu L., Jiang L., Yu Q. (2020 b). Lactobacillus reuteri promotes intestinal development and regulates mucosal immune function in newborn piglets. Front. Vet. Sci., 7: 42.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2020.00042 - Wang Q., Sun Q., Qi R., Wang J., Qiu X., Liu Z., Huang J. (2019 b). Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum on the intestinal morphology, intestinal barrier function and microbiota composition of suckling piglets. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutri., 103: 1908–1918.
https://doi:10.1111/jpn.13198 . - Wang S., Li H., Du C., Liu Q., Yang D., Chen L., Zhu Q., Wang Z. (2018). Effects of dietary supplementation with Lactobacillus acidophilus on the performance, intestinal physical barrier function, and the expression of NOD-like receptors in weaned pig-lets. J. Life Environ. Sci., 6:e6060.
https://doi:10.7717/peerj.6060 . - Wang S., Yao B., Gao H., Zang J., Tao S., Zhang S., Huang S., He B., Wang J. (2019 a). Combined supplementation of Lactobacillus fermentum and Pediococcus acidilactici promoted growth performance, alleviated inflammation, and modulated intestinal microbiota in weaned pigs. BMC Vet. Res., 15: 239.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-019-1991-9 - Wang X., Cao Z., Zhang M., Meng L., Ming Z., Liu J. (2020 a). Bioinspired oral delivery of gut microbiota by self-coating with biofilms. Sci. Adv., 6: eabb1952.
https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abb1952 - Wongsamart R., Somboonna N., Cheibchalard T., Klankeo P., Ruampatana J., Nuntapaitoon M. (2025). Probiotic Bacillus licheniformis DSMZ 28710 improves sow milk micro-biota and enhances piglet health outcomes. Sci. Rep., 15: 17.
https://doi:10.1038/s41598-024-84573-z - Wu H., Xu C., Wang J., Hu C., Ji F., Xie J., Lv R. (2023). Effects of dietary probiotics and acidifiers on the production performance, colostrum components, serum antioxidant activity and hormone levels, and gene expression in mammary tissue of lactating sows. Animals, 13: 1536.
- Wu J., Lin Z., Wang J., Liu C., Zhao J., Liu H., Ma X. (2024). Limosilactobacillus reuteri alleviates weaned stress by improving immune function and gut microbiota in piglets. J. Funct. Foods, 114: 106094.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2024.106094 - Xie Q., Yang M., Duanmu Q., Kang M., Wang J., Tan B.E. (2025). Ningxiang pig-derived Lactobacillus reuteri improves the gut health of weaned piglets by regulating intestinal barrier function and cytokine profiles. Sci. Rep., 15: 3993.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-20481-7 - Yang K.M., Jiang Z.Y., Zheng C.T., Wang L., Yang X.F. (2014). Effect of Lactobacillus plantarum on diarrhea and intestinal barrier function of young piglets challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88. J. Anim. Sci., 92: 1496–1503.
https://doi:10.2527/jas.2013-6619 - Yi H., Wang L., Xiong Y., Wen X., Wang Z., Yang X., Jiang Z. (2018). Effects of Lactobacillus reuteri LR1 on the growth performance, intestinal morphology, and intestinal barrier function in weaned pigs. J. Anim. Sci., 96: 2342–2351.
https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/sky147 - Yong Y., Zhao Y., Gooneratne R., Liao M., Ju X. (2019). T regulatory and T helper 17 populations with transcription factors in pig tissues in response to chronic heat stress. Int. J. Agricult. Biol., 21: 3–10.
https://doi.10.17957/IJAB/15.0854 - Zagato E., Mileti E., Massimiliano L., Fasano F., Budelli A., Penna G., Rescigno M. (2014). Lactobacillus paracasei CBA L74 metabolic products and fermented milk for infant formula have anti-inflammatory activity on dendritic cells in vitro and protective effects against colitis and an enteric pathogen in vivo. PloS One, 9(2), e87615.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0087615 - Zhang D., Wang S., Li G., Chen M., Liu H., Ji H. (2023). Two doses of Lactobacillus induced different microbiota profiles and serum immune indices in pigs. J. Funct. Foods, 102: 105405.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2023.105405 - Zhao X., Wang W., Blaine A., Kane S.T., Zijlstra R.T., Gänzle M.G. (2019). Impact of pro-biotic Lactobacillus sp. on autochthonous lactobacilli in weaned piglets. J. Appl. Microbiol., 126: 242–254.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.14112 - Zhu Q., Song M., Azad M.A.K., Cheng Y., Liu Y., Liu Y., Kong X. (2022). Probiotics or synbiotics addition to sows' diets alters colonic microbiome composition and metabolome profiles of offspring pigs. Front. Microbiol., 13: 934890.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.934890
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/aoas-2026-0018 | Journal eISSN: 2300-8733 (formerly 1642-3402) | Journal ISSN: 1642-3402
Language: English
Submitted on: Jul 15, 2025
Accepted on: Feb 24, 2026
Published on: Oct 5, 2026
Published by: National Research Institute of Animal Production
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year
Keywords:
Related subjects:
© 2026 Fabian Domański, Anna Czech, published by National Research Institute of Animal Production
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.