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First report on the detection and whole genome sequencing analysis of virulent and multidrug resistant Enterobacter cloacae ST84 strain harboring qacE-like disinfectant resistance gene isolated from bovine mastitis Cover

First report on the detection and whole genome sequencing analysis of virulent and multidrug resistant Enterobacter cloacae ST84 strain harboring qacE-like disinfectant resistance gene isolated from bovine mastitis

Annals of Animal Science
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Open Access
|Jun 2026
Figures & tables

Figures & Tables

Table 1.

Enterobacter cloacae isolates available at the PubMLST database used in the phylogenetic comparison of BR-MHR107Ecl with other ST84 isolates

IDIsolateCountryContinentYearSourceDetailed sourceDisease
73B13BangladeshAsia2017human
532BR-MHR107EclBangladeshAsia2021animalLactating cowother
915PDT001195434.1NigeriaAfrica2017environmental
1055PDT001391505.1BrazilSouth America2018human
1201PDT001543720.1NigeriaAfrica2016human
1216PDT001543695.1NigeriaAfrica2016human
1219PDT001543684.1NigeriaAfrica2016human
1224PDT001543683.1NigeriaAfrica2016human
1347MDCL 83IndiaAsia2022humanCentral line bloodbacteraemia
Table 2.

Correlation of phenotypic resistance patterns and the detected antibiotic resistance genes in BR-MHR107Ecl in the present study

Resistance toPhenotypicGenotypicCorrelation phenotype vs. genotypePossible explanation of difference
AmikacinSensitiveNot presentYesNeither aph(6)-Id nor aph(3″)-Ib-like confer resistance to this particular aminoglycoside
Amoxicillin-clavulanateResistantblaDHA-1, blaCMH-3-likeYesBeta-lactamase present
AmpicillinResistantblaDHA-1, blaCMH-3-likeYesBeta-lactamase present
AzithromycinSensitiveblaDHA-1, blaCMH-3-likeYesBeta-lactamase present
CefoxitinResistantblaDHA-1, blaCMH-3-likeYesBeta-lactamase present
CeftazidimeResistantblaDHA-1, blaCMH-3-likeYesBeta-lactamase present
ChloramphenicolSensitiveNot presentYesAntibiotic resistance gene not encoded
CiprofloxacinIntermediateqnrB4YesqnrB-like enzymes express only low-level fluoroquinolone resistance
DisinfectantNot testedqacE-likeCorrelation not possible due to experimental set-up (not tested phenotypically)N.A.
FosfomycinSensitiveNot presentYesAntibiotic resistance gene not encoded
GentamicinSensitiveNot presentYesNeither aph(6)-Id nor aph(3″)-Ib-like confer resistance to this particular aminoglycoside
MeropenemIntermediateNot presentYesOverexpression of blaDHA-1 and/or blaCMH-3-like in combination with porin deficiency mutations
Penicillin GResistantblaDHA-1, blaCMH-3-likeYesBeta-lactamase present
StreptomycinNot testedaph(6)-IdCorrelation not possible due to experimental set-up (not tested phenotypically)N.A.
Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprimSensitiveNot presentYesOnly gene for resistance towards sulfamethoxazole present (sul1) but not towards trimethoprim
SulfonamideNot testedsul1Correlation not possible due to experimental set-up (sulfonamide tested only in combination with trimethoprim)N.A.
TetracyclineSensitiveNot presentYesAntibiotic resistance gene not encoded
DoxycyclineIntermediateNot presentNoUnknown mechanisms of antibiotic resistance encoded or expressed

[i] N. A. not applicable (not tested phenotypically).

Figure 1.

Mid-point rooted core genome-based phylogenetic tree of ST84 Enterobacter cloacae isolates from PubMLST database and BR-MHR107Ecl. The tree was produced using ParSNP, annotated using iTOL v. 1.8 and amended using Inkscape v. 0.9.1

Table 3.

Matrix showing the number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of strain BR-MHR107Ecl compared to other Enterobacter cloacae ST84 isolates

532_BR_MHR107Ecl73_B13915_PDT001195434_11055_PDT001391505_11201_PDT001543720_11216_PDT001543695_11219_PDT001543684_11224_PDT001543683_11347_MDCL_83
532_BR_MHR107Ecl01979114211691218189131443171223
73_B13197902368239924442523310819342447
915_PDT001195434_1114223680853390229328261097342
1055_PDT001391505_1116923998530929232228391123934
1201_PDT001543720_1121824443909290236929021173474
1216_PDT001543695_1189125232293232223690350418472374
1219_PDT001543684_1314431082826283929023504030992907
1224_PDT001543683_131719341097112311731847309901178
1347_MDCL_83122324473429344742374290711780
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/aoas-2026-0003 | Journal eISSN: 2300-8733 (formerly 1642-3402) | Journal ISSN: 1642-3402
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Language: English
Submitted on: Jun 21, 2025
Accepted on: Dec 5, 2025
Published on: Jun 5, 2026
Published by: National Research Institute of Animal Production
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year
Keywords:
antimicrobial resistance,
disinfectant,
Enterobacter cloacae,
genome sequence,
bovine mastitis,
multidrug,
raw milk,
ST84,
blaDHA-1,
blaCMH-3,
qacE-like,
qnrB4
Related subjects:
Medicine,
Veterinary medicine

© 2026 Mohammad H. Rahman, Mohamed E. El Zowalaty, Emmanuel C. Eze, Linda Falgenhauer, Mohammad F.R. Khan, Jahangir Alam, Marzia Rahman, Asmaa Saleh, Heba M.R.M. Selim, Fatma Alzahraa M. Gomaa, Ayman Noreddin, Stephen Forsythe, Md. Bahanur Rahman, published by National Research Institute of Animal Production
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

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