Modulatory Effects of Probiotics or Bio-Selenium Nanoparticles on Performance, Immunity, Redox Balance, and Microbial Load in Acrylamide-Challenged Oreochromis niloticus

Samar S. Mohamed; Samir A. Mahgoub; Maha Nader; Nadin G. El-Din; Xiaolin Meng; Mohammed A.E. Naiel

doi:10.2478/aoas-2025-0076

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Modulatory Effects of Probiotics or Bio-Selenium Nanoparticles on Performance, Immunity, Redox Balance, and Microbial Load in Acrylamide-Challenged Oreochromis niloticus

Annals of Animal Science

Volume 26 (2026): Issue 2 (April 2026)

By: Samar S. Mohamed, Samir A. Mahgoub, Maha Nader, Nadin G. El-Din, Xiaolin Meng and Mohammed A.E. Naiel

Open Access

|Apr 2026

Figures & Tables

A transmission electron microscope (TEM) image that depicts selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs). The image showcases the nanoparticles' nearly spherical shape, smooth surface, and uniform size distribution (from 32.1 to 66.7 nm)

Effects of enriched tilapia diets with several levels of probiotic mixture (Bacillus coagulans and Lactobacillus paraplantarum) (1, 2 and 3 mg kg−1) or bacterial synthesized selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) (1, 2 and 3 mg kg−1) for 26 days and then exposed to sublethal dose of acrylamide ( 96 h LC50 = 34.6 mg L−1) for 30 days on total and lactic acid bacterial count and coliform counts of experimental feed. The oneway ANOVA analysis was applied to identify the significant differences (P<0.05) between treated and non-treated groups. NS indicated that there were no significant differences identified between tested groups

Representative photomicrograph of H&E stained sections from gills (scale bar 100 μm) showing: A (positive control group): destruction of most secondary gill lamellae (curved arrow), dilated capillaries within primary gill lamellae (arrowhead) and some secondary lamellae fused with inflammatory cells (arrow). B (CTR), C (PM1), E (PM3),G (SeNP2): normal morphological striations of primary filaments (arrowheads) and secondary filament (arrow) in CTR (control–ve), PM1, PM3, SeNP2, respectively. D (PM2): focal thickened area of both primary gill lamellae (arrowhead) and secondary gill lamellae (arrow) by inflammatory cells infiltrates in PM2 treated group. F (SeNp1): some capillaries engorged at secondary filaments (arrowhead) and aggregates of lymphocytes in a few secondary filaments (arrow) in SeNp1 treated group. H (SeNP3): invasionof some secondary gill lamellae by inflammatory cells (arrow) and apparent normal primary gill filaments (arrowhead) in SeNP3 treated group

Representative photomicrograph of H&E-stained sections from hepatopancreas (scale bar 100 μm) showing: A: focal necrotic area of the pancreatic acini (arrowhead) with fatty cysts (arrow) and congestion of vasculatures (curved arrow) in control+ve group. B, C, E, G: normal architectures of hepatic cells (star), sinusoids, and hepatoportal pancreas (arrow) in CTR (control–ve), PM1, PM3, SeNP2, respectively. D: fatty change of pancreatic acini (arrow), congested hepatic blood vessels (arrowhead) and moderate areas of vacuolated hepatocytes (star) in PM2 treated group. F: peripancreatic fatty change (arrow), congested portal vein (arrowhead) and apparently normal most hepatic parenchyma (star) in SeNp1 treated group. H: Preserved structures of hepatic acini (star), pancreatic acini (arrow) and vascular tissue in in SeNP3 treated group

Representative photomicrograph of H&E stained sections from spleen (scale bar 20 μm) showing: A: marked depleted areas of white pulp (star) with wide areas of melanomacrophages centers (arrowhead) in control+ve group. B, C, E, G: normal histological architectures of white pulps (arrow) with ellipsoids arterioles (curved arrows), few melanomacrophages centers (arrowhead) and red pulps (stars) in CTR (control–ve), PM1, PM3, SeNP2, respectively. D: high density of melanomacropahges centers (arrowhead), dilated splenic sinusoids (arrow) in PM2 treated group. F: widespread areas of melanomacropahges centers (arrowhead) and alternated white and red pulps (star) in SeNp1 treated group. H: moderate area of melanomacropahges centers within white pulp areas (arrowhead), dilated splenic vasculatures (arrow) and aggregations of different hemopiotic series within red pulp (star) in SeNP3 treated group

Body chemical analysis of Nile tilapia fed diets supplemented with probiotic mixture (Bacillus coagulans and Lactobacillus paraplantarum) (1, 2 and 3 g kg−1) or selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) (1, 2 and 3 mg kg−1) for 26 days and then exposed to sublethal dose of acrylamide ( 96 h LC50 = 34_6 mg L−1) for 30 days

Treatments	Parameters
Treatments	MOT	DM	Ash	OM	EE	CP
CTR	4.10±0.11 c	95.89±0.13 a	16.48±0.17	83.51±1.27	26.51±0.23 a	60.67±1.30
PM1	5.12±0.81 a	94.87±0.81 a	20.49±0.81	79.50±1.81	19.45±1.89 c	64.01±2.81
PM2	5.16±0.24 c	94.83±0.24 a	18.77±0.69	81.22±1.69	22.89±0.89 abc	61.97±1.36
PM3	4.53±0.22 c	95.46±0.22 a	16.86±0.96	83.13±1.96	25.19±1.50 ab	62.40±1.67
SeNPs1	7.47±0.83 b	92.53±1.03 b	19.93±0.39	80.06±1.29	20.89±0.72 c	62.50±0.58
SeNPs2	5.43±0.21 c	94.56±0.21 a	17.28±0.53	82.71±1.54	23.05±0.64 abc	57.68±5.69
SeNPs3	3.76±0.29 c	96.23±0.29 a	18.64±1.16	81.35±1.16	25.99±1.50 a	61.09±0.59
P value
linear	0.002	0.002	0.836	0.836	0.525	0.327
quadratic	0.003	0.003	0.441	0.441	0.007	0.456
cubic	0.029	0.029	0.140	0.140	0.426	0.232

Ingredients and chemical analysis of basal diets (on air-dry weight basis)

Ingredients	%
Fish meal	18
Soybean meal 44%	17
Wheat bran	26.2
Maize	24.2
Corn gluten meal 60%	10
Wheat meal	2.1
Vegetable oil	1
Fish oil	1
Vitamin premix¹	0.25
Mineral premix²	0.25
Total	100
Proximate chemical composition
Crude protein (N×6.25)	31.23
Crude lipids	8.49
Ash	4.89
Crude fiber	4.92
Nitrogen free extract (NFE)³	50.47
Gross energy (GE, MJ/Kg diet)⁴	18.39

Growth performance and feed efficiency of Nile tilapia fed diets supplemented with probiotic mixture (Bacillus coagulans and Lactobacillus paraplantarum ) (1, 2 and 3 g kg−1) or bacterial synthesized selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) (1, 2 and 3 mg kg−1) for 26 days and then exposed to sublethal dose of acrylamide ( 96 h LC50= 34_6 mg L−1) for 30 days

Treatments	Parameters
Treatments	IBW (g)	FBW (g)	WG (g)	DWG (g)	DWG (%)	TFI (g)	FCR (g/g)	RGR (g/g)	SGR (% d⁻¹)
CTR	24.25±0.03 a	71.8±0.25 ab	47.55±0.37 ab	0.84±0.04 ab	84.91±0.13 ab	33.65±0.31 b	1.41±0.1 ab	66.15±0.11	1.93±0.16 ab
PM1	23.85±0.03 b	64.2±0.11 b	40.35±0.12 a	0.72±0.73 a	72.05±0.42 a	35.10±0.0 1 ab	1.14±0.12 b	62.54±0.40	1.76±0.11 b
PM2	23.75±0.09 b	71.73±0.96 ab	47.98±0.83 ab	0.85±0.32 ab	85.68±0.33 ab	35.10±0.01 ab	1.46±0.1 ab	66.84±0.81	1.97±0.04 ab
PM3	23.6±0.06 b	71.33±0.86 ab	47.73±0.93 ab	0.85±0.10 ab	85.24±0.60 ab	35.15±0.03 ab	1.45±0.2 ab	66.44±2.9	1.96±0.2 ab
SeNPs1	23.83±0.14 b	88.73±0.84 ab	64.90±0.91 a	1.15±0.03 a	115.89±0.42 a	36.65±0.83 a	1.87±0.04 a	73.11±0.64	2.34±0.04 a
SeNPs2	23.85±0.03 b	87.2±0.83 a	63.35±0.81 a	1.13±0.06 a	113.13±0.82 a	35.10±0.01 ab	1.80±0.10 a	72.54±0.21	2.31±0.18 a
SeNPs3	23.8±0.06 b	70.0±0.91 ab	46.20±0.98 ab	0.82±0.14 ab	82.50±0.14 ab	35.10±0.01 ab	1.31±0.22 ab	65.10±0.01	1.90±0.20 ab
P value
linear	0.700	0.007	0.006	0.006	0.006	0.004	0.013	0.020	0.010
quadratic	0.100	0.504	0.555	0.555	0.555	0.001	0.301	0.702	0.684
cubic	0.300	0.513	0.537	0.537	0.537	0.906	0.555	0.657	0.620

Blood biochemical profile of Nile tilapia fed diets supplemented with probiotic mixture (Bacillus coagulans and Lactobacillus paraplantarum) (1, 2 and 3 g kg−1) or selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) (1, 2 and 3 mg kg−1) for 26 days and then exposed to sublethal dose of acrylamide ( 96 h LC50 = 34_6 mg L−1) for 30 days

Treatments	Parameters

	TP (g dL⁻¹)	ALB (g dL⁻¹)	GLOB (g dL⁻¹)	A/G (%)	CR (mg dL⁻¹)	UA (mg dL⁻¹)	AST (UL)	ALT (UL)	T.G (mg dL⁻¹)
CTR	6.08±0.19 ab	3.68±0.58 ab	2.40±0.29	1.64±0.45	0.53±0.03 a	1.69±0.13 a	211.80±0.61 a	24.5±0.81 a	182.28±0.91 a
PM1	7.09±0.39 a	4.04±0.29 a	3.05±0.01	1.32±0.44	0.33±0.03 b	1.36±0.33 b	55.64±0.31 e	18.04±0.21 b	98.56±0.29 e
PM2	6.51±0.09 ab	3.91±0.11 ab	2.60±0.19	1.54±0.14	0.24±0.01 c	1.05±0.61 d	102.30±0.58 b	25.05±0.73 a	162.2±0.99 b
PM3	5.61±0.29 b	2.91±0.21 b	2.70±0.29	1.10±0.12	0.19±0.01 cd	0.95±0.11 e	43.34±0.21 f	13.25±0.58 c	163.7±0.01 b
SeNPs1	6.75±0.28 ab	3.64±0.31 ab	3.11±0.39	1.19±0.11	0.12±0.01 e	0.52±0.21 g	28.29±0.58 g	10.25±0.01 d	148.5±0.47 c
SeNPs2	6.32±0.25 ab	3.71±0.01 ab	2.61±0.59	1.45±0.26	0.16±0.01 de	0.68±0.01 f	77.27±0.51 d	18.11±0.22 b	146.7±0.33 c
SeNPs3	5.41±0.39 b	3.03±0.14 b	2.40±0.09	1.29±0.16	0.32±0.01 b	1.24±0.31 c	82.24±0.41 c	13.54±0.25 c	140.11±0.28 d
P value
linear	0.048	0.039	0.797	0.334	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.526
quadratic	0.093	0.713	0.131	0.313	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
cubic	0.846	0.908	0.916	0.807	0.053	<0.001	<0.001	0.230	<0.001

Immune parameters of Nile tilapia fed diets supplemented with probiotic mixture (Bacillus coagulans and Lactobacillus paraplantarum) (1, 2 and 3 g kg−1) or selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) (1, 2 and 3 mg kg−1) for 26 days and then exposed to sublethal dose of acrylamide ( 96 h LC50 = 34_6 mg L−1) for 30 days

Treatments	Parameters

	IGA (ng ml⁻¹)	IGM (ng ml⁻¹)	AChE (pg ml⁻¹)	C3 (mg dL⁻¹)	LZM (ng ml⁻¹)	IL-1β (pg ml⁻¹)
CTR	1045.90±0.34 a	775.35±0.89 a	687.52±0.99 b	38.34±0.99 b	0.81 ±0.01 f	827.54 ±0.28 b
PM1	522.25±0.73 c	223.14±0.44 g	583.18±0.02 c	33.50±0.15 c	1.58±0.03 d	630.02 ±0.97 d
PM2	411.14±0.21 d	720.11±0.91 b	291.19±0.95 e	18.58±0.11 e	0.66±0.33 g	1005.37±0.51 a
PM3	355.25±0.11 e	343.34±0.84 e	895.25±0.61 a	52.25±0.01 a	4.24±0.41 a	286.68±0.22 g
SeNPs1	168.86±0.10 g	281.11±0.31 f	650.50±0.89 b	39.39 ±0.81 b	3.55±0.28 b	757.64±0.27 c
SeNPs2	282.28±0.41 f	530.25±0.51 c	525.25±0.91 c	31.13 ±0.71 c	2.71±0.46 c	535.35±0.41 e
SeNPs3	653.35±0.51 b	445.25±0.64 d	470.11±0.79 d	25.25 ±0.01 d	0.99±0.75 e	464.28±0.61 f
P value
linear	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
quadratic	<0.001	<0.001	0.892	0.012	0.175	0.780
cubic	0.014	<0.001	0.007	0.470	<0.001	0.358

Antioxidant activities of Nile tilapia fed diets supplemented with probiotic mixture (Bacillus coagulans and Lactobacillus paraplantarum) (1, 2 and 3 g kg−1) or selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) (1, 2 and 3 mg kg−1) for 26 days and then exposed to sublethal dose of acrylamide ( 96 h LC50 = 34_6 mg L−1) for 30 days

Treatments	Parameters
Treatments	SOD (U mL⁻¹)	GSH (ng mL⁻¹)	TAC (ng mL⁻¹)	MDA (nmol mL⁻¹)
CTR	44.68±1.99 f	61.25±0.56 f	0.79±0.16 f	3.85±0.39 b
PM1	99.75±0.39 d	116.24±0.39 d	1.29±0.03 d	2.20±0.03 d
PM2	28.53±0.51 g	38.52±0.36 g	0.58 ±0.96 g	4.52±0.91 a
PM3	180.25±0.63 a	220.21±0.64 a	3.54 ±0.52 a	0.85±0.35 e
SeNPs1	82.28±0.78 e	95.59±0.24 e	0.91±0.54 e	2.82±0.43 c
SeNPs2	121.15±0.77 c	134.34±0.63 c	2.16 ±0.21 c	1.82±0.11 d
SeNPs3	149.67±0.41 b	152.36±0.75 b	2.67±0.23 b	1.16±0.01 e
P value
linear	˂0.001	˂0.001	˂0.001	˂0.001
quadratic	˂0.001	˂0.001	˂0.001	0.695
cubic	˂0.001	0.002	˂0.001	0.039

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/aoas-2025-0076 | Journal eISSN: 2300-8733 | Journal ISSN: 1642-3402

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Language: English

Page range: 555 - 573

Submitted on: Mar 2, 2025

Accepted on: Jun 27, 2025

Published on: Apr 15, 2026

Published by: National Research Institute of Animal Production

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: 4 issues per year

Keywords:

sustainability,

detoxification,

organic fish,

biological nano-synthesis,

Related subjects:

Zoology,

© 2026 Samar S. Mohamed, Samir A. Mahgoub, Maha Nader, Nadin G. El-Din, Xiaolin Meng, Mohammed A.E. Naiel, published by National Research Institute of Animal Production
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Volume 26 (2026): Issue 2 (April 2026)

Modulatory Effects of Probiotics or Bio-Selenium Nanoparticles on Performance, Immunity, Redox Balance, and Microbial Load in Acrylamide-Challenged Oreochromis niloticus

Figures & Tables

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

Figure 3.

Figure 4.

Figure 5.

Figure 6.

Figure 7.

Ingredients and chemical analysis of basal diets (on air-dry weight basis)

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