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Changes of Gene Expression Profile during Differentiation of Equine Bone Marrow-Derived MSCs towards Adipocytes and Chondrocytes* Cover

Changes of Gene Expression Profile during Differentiation of Equine Bone Marrow-Derived MSCs towards Adipocytes and Chondrocytes*

Open Access
|Jan 2026

Figures & Tables

Figure 1.

Venn diagram of DEGs identified between the analysed primary MSC, ADM and CDM cells

Figure 2.

The detailed protein‒protein interaction (PPI) network of the identified DEGs associated with fat cell differentiation: the upregulated genes are marked with a blue halo; the downregulated genes are marked with a red halo; the additional GO terms are highlighted: blue, regulation of fat cell differentiation; yellow, regulation of cell differentiation; green‒brown, fat cell differentiation; and red, adipocyte fat development (String software v12.0)

Figure 3.

The involvement of the identified top DEGs (MSC vs. ADM cells) with significant GO terms (FC values according to the RNA-seq results) (R package)

Figure 4.

Heatmap of the DEGs between MSC and ADM primary cells identified as the top DEGs and showing their expression in only one group. A unit variance scale was used with no logarithmic transformation. (R software, ClustVis package)

Figure 5.

The detailed PPI network between the identified DEGs associated with ossification: the upregulated genes are marked with a blue halo; the downregulated genes are marked with a red halo; the additional GO terms are highlighted: blue, regulation of ossification; yellow, mesenchymal cell proliferation; purple, bone development; green, negative regulation of ossification; red, negative regulation of chondrocyte proliferation; pink, positive regulation of astrocyte differentiation; deep green, response to fluid shear stress; and orange, cell population proliferation (String software v12.0)

Figure 6.

Heatmap of the DEGs between MSCs and CDM primary cells identified as the top DEGs and showing their expression in only one group. A unit variance scale was used with no logarithmic transformation. (R software, ClustVis package)

The identified overrepresented GO terms and KEGG pathways based on DEGs modified during differentiation of MSCs to ADMs

Accession numberNumber of DEGs*FDR
Biological process
  regulation of signallingGO:00230513930.00001
  fat cell differentiationGO:0045444470.0001
  positive regulation of cell differentiationGO:00455971250.001
  regulation of cell differentiationGO:00455952070.001
  regulation of cell communicationGO:00106463900.001
  negative regulation of apoptotic processGO:0043066400.01
  response to growth factorGO:0070848880.01
  positive regulation of metabolic processGO:00098933700.02
  cell developmentGO:00484682410.03
KEGG pathway
  biosynthesis of amino acidsecb01230210.001
  metabolic pathwaysecb011002000.01
  AGE-RAGE signalling pathway in diabetic complicationsecb04933240.02
  aldosterone-regulated sodium reabsorptionecb04960130.02
  HIF-1 signalling pathwayecb04066250.02
  MAPK signalling pathwayecb04010500.02
  cAMP signalling pathwayecb04024400.02

The identified overrepresented GO terms and KEGG pathways based on DEGs modified during differentiation of MSCs to CDMs

Accession numberNumber of DEGs*FDR
Biological process
  regulation of cell differentiationGO:0045595960.00006
  ossificationGO:0001503350.00006
  negative regulation of developmental processGO:0051093620.00007
  regulation of signallingGO:00230511590.0001
  regulation of cell communicationGO:00106461580.0001
  response to growth factorGO:0070848480.0004
  regulation of cell proliferationGO:0042127820.0005
  cell adhesionGO:0007155160.0006
  regulation of cell deathGO:0010941790.001
  apoptotic processGO:0006915790.003
KEGG pathway
  cGMP-PKG signalling pathwayecb04022170.05
  fluid shear stress and atherosclerosisecb05418150.05

The Pearson correlation coefficients obtained during RNA-seq result validation using qPCR

GenePearson correlation coefficientP value
MSC vs. CDM comparison
  BMP70.99<0.0001
  BMPR1B0.890.021
  CLDN10.99<0.0001
  IHH0.99<0.0001
  SOX90.950.003
  PHOSPHO10.99<0.0001
MSC vs. ADM comparison
  LEP0.750.084
  SOX90.980.008
  FABP40.990.001
  GERP10.660.153
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/aoas-2025-0052 | Journal eISSN: 2300-8733 | Journal ISSN: 1642-3402
Language: English
Page range: 293 - 306
Submitted on: Feb 10, 2025
|
Accepted on: Apr 29, 2025
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Published on: Jan 30, 2026
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: Volume open

© 2026 Katarzyna Ropka-Molik, Jolanta Opiela, Katarzyna Piórkowska, Tomasz Ząbek, Tomasz Szmatoła, Joanna Jurkiewicz, Lechosław Gajda, Ewelina Semik-Gurgul, published by National Research Institute of Animal Production
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.