Specific role of Bacillus bacteria in wastewater treatments
| Bacteria strain | Condition | Specific role of bacteria | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bacillus megaterium | Water quality for major carps | Modulation of DO | Hura et al., 2018 |
| mixture of Bacillus | Water quality for tilapia | Hainfellner et al., 2018 | |
| mixture of Bacillus | During transport of fish | Gomes et al., 2008; Zink et al., 2011 | |
| mixture of Bacillus | Tilapia ponds | Removal of TDS | Elsabagh et al., 2018 |
| B. megaterium | Fish pond | Hura et al., 2018 | |
| B. cereus PB88 | Shrimp culture | Barman et al., 2018 | |
| B. subtilis HS1 | European seabass larvae culture | Md et al., 2015 | |
| B. megaterium | Carp culture | Modulation of alkalinity and pH | Hura et al., 2018 |
| Bacillus | Tilapia ponds | Elsabagh et al., 2018 | |
| mixture of Bacillus | – | Phosphate reduction | Reddy et al., 2018 |
| mixture of Bacillus | – | Lalloo et al., 2007 | |
| Commercial probiotic | Shrimp ponds | Wang et al., 2005 | |
| B. velezensis | Catfish ponds | Thurlow et al., 2019 |
Different species used in IMTA and their efficiency of wastewater treatment
| Species in IMTA system | Efficiency of wastewater treatment | References |
|---|---|---|
| Bivalves | Bio controllers for fish farm effluents (POM and eutrophication) | MacDonald et al., 2011; Handa et al., 2012; Lander et al., 2013; Granada et al., 2016 |
| Can extract up to 23% OM, and 88% suspended solid waste which was up to 33% organic N; it reduced the chlorophyll a up to 96% and 88% bacteria in the system | Nederlof et al., 2022 | |
| Reduce the suspended solids load and nitrogenous and phosphorous Reserved 58% of TAN-N and 41% of PO4– | MacDonald et al., 2011 | |
| P excreted by the fish (only with an assimilation efficiency of 87%) | Fang et al., 2017; Nederlof et al., 2022 | |
| Sea cucumbers | Consume up to 70% of the deposited organic matter | Granada et al., 2016 |
| Reduced the accumulation of both organic carbon and phytopigments | Slater and Carton, 2009 | |
| Assimilation efficiencies of sea cucumbers in integrated systems are highly inconstant (14 to 88%) | Nederlof et al., 2022 | |
| Have higher removal rate of OM 0.1–20%, 3–10% organic C, 7–16% organic N, and 21–25% organic P (from the aquaculture waste fed directly or from sediments enriched with aquaculture waste) | Yokoyama, 2013; Nederlof et al., 2022 | |
| Polychaetes | Annelids can perform biofiltration, aerate the sediment, positively impact biogeochemical reactions, and contribute to waste control | Brown et al., 2011; Granada et al., 2016; Galasso et al., 2020; Nederlof et al., 2020 |
| The ability to filter, accumulate, and remove from bacterial waste groups, including human potential pathogens and vibrios | Stabili et al., 2010 | |
| Receiving wastewater from a sea bream recirculation system by the addition in settling tank | Bischoff et al., 2009 | |
| Seaweeds | Absorb the nutrients entering the water column and, thus, reduce eutrophication and contribute in bioremediation | Chopin, 2006; Barrington et al., 2009; Nederlof et al., 2022; Samocha et al., 2015 |
| Significantly affected the microbial community’s structure and make-up, releasing algal growth and morphogenesis-promoting factors | Ghaderiardakani et al., 2019 | |
| Concentration of PO4 –P was reduced by 93.5%, NH4 –N by 34%, and NO3 –N by 100% | Marinho-Soriano et al., 2009 | |
| Sponges | Filtering organic matter | Muller et al., 2009; Granada et al., 2016; Gokalp et al., 2019, 2021; Varamogianni-Mamatsi et al., 2022 |
| Produce interesting bio-commercial products | ||
| Introduce biomedical agents, biosilica, biosintering, and collagen | ||
| Removing DOM | ||
| Remediate organic pollution from aquaculture cages | Ledda et al., 2014; Gokalp et al., 2019 | |
| High efficiency of removing bacteria (12.3 × 104 cells ml−1 with a maximum retention efficiency of 61%) when used in marine environmental bioremediation | Stabili et al., 2006 | |
| Remove pathogenic bacteria, achieving removal of 60.0–90.2% of faecal coliform bacteria, 37.6–81.6% of pathogenic Vibrio spp., and 45.1–83.9% of the total bacteria in a 1.5-m3 turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) aquaculture system | Zhang et al., 2010 | |
| Accumulate, remediate, and metabolize halophilic Vibrio spp., heterotrophic bacteria, total culturable bacteria, faecal coliforms, and faecal Streptococci | Longo et al., 2010 |
The predominant bacteria in different aquaculture waters
| Bacteria population | Water type | References |
|---|---|---|
| Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Verrucomicrobia | Marine water, cucumber (Apostichopus japonicas) | Zhou et al., 2022 |
| Proteobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Actinomycetes and Bacteroides | Water and sediment of fish ponds | Liu et al., 2020 |
| Proteobacteria, Fusobacteriota, Actinobacteriotam Myxococcota, Desulfobacterota and Proteobacteria | Water and sediment of striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) ponds | Truong et al., 2022 |
| Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes | Fresh water farm | Clols-Fuentes et al., 2024 |
| ß-Proteobacteria, α-Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria | Saline-alkali water carp culture | Huang et al., 2014 |
| Bacteroidetes | Fresh water shrimp pond | Tang et al., 2015 |
| Bacteroidetes, α-Proteobacteria, and γ-Proteobacteria | Circulating culture system of flounder | Matos et al., 2011 |
| Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria | Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) farming ponds | Zhang et al., 2016; Zhou et al., 2013 |
Main bacteria in nitrification and denitrification process in aquatic water
| No. | Process | Organism involved | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Nitrification | 1.1. Bacterial autotrophic ammonia oxidation | Nitrosomonas europaea, N. eutropha, Nitrosospira multiformis, Nitrosococcus oceanus, N. halophilus, Nitrosolobus sp., Nitrosovibrio sp. | Yin et al., 2018; Preena et al., 2021 |
| 1.2. Bacterial heterotrophic ammonia oxidation | Alcaligenes faecalis, Pseudomonas putida, Paracoccus denitrificans, Thermus, Azoarcus, Bacillus licheniformis | Yusoff et al., 2011 | |
| 1.3. Archaeal ammonia oxidation | Nitrosopumilus maritimus, N. adriaticus, N. piranensis, N. koreensis, Nitrosotalea devanterra | Yin et al., 2018 | |
| 1.4. Nitrite oxidation | Nitrobacter winogradskyi, Nitrospira, Nitrococcus mobilus, Nitrospina gracilis | Su et al., 2023 | |
| 1.5. Complete ammonia oxidation to nitrate (Comammox) | Nitrospira sp. | ||
| 1.6. Anaerobic ammonia oxidation (Anammox) | Planctomyces, Gemmata, Isosphaera, Candidatus brocadia, Candidatus kuenenia, and Candidatus anammoxoglobus | Strous et al., 2006 | |
| 2. Denitrification | 2.1.1. Nitrite reduction | Alcaligenes faecalis, Paracoccus denitrificans, sp. halodenitrificans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, sp. stutzeri, Thiobacillus denitrifcans, Azospirillum brasilense | Schreier et al., 2010; Song et al., 2011 |
| 2.1. Bacterial heterotrophic denitrification | |||
| 2.1.2. Nitric oxide reduction | Alcaligenes faecalis, Pseudomonas stutzeri, Paracoccus halodenitrificans and Paracoccus denitrificans | Schreier et al., 2010; Song et al., 2011 | |
| 2.1.3. Nitrous oxide reduction | Alcaligenes sp., Azospirillum sp., Bacillus sp., Pseudomonas sp., Thiobacillus versutus, Thiosphaera pantotropha | Low et al., 2012; Preena et al., 2021 | |
| 2.2 Bacterial autotrophic denitrification | – | Rhodobacter sp., Thiomicrospira sp., Hydrogenophaga sp., Thiothrix sp., Thiobacillus denitrificans and Sulfurimonas denitrificans | Chen et al., 2018; Shao et al., 2010; Preena et al., 2021 |
| 3. Fungal denitrification | – | Aspergillus niger | Sankaran et al., 2010; Preena et al., 2021 |
| 4. Archaeal denitrification | – | Halobacterium denitrificans, Pyrobaculum aerophilum and Haloferax denitrificans | Li et al., 2018; Preena et al., 2021 |
| 5. Dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonia | – | Firmicutes and Proteobacteria | Wang et al., 2024; Preena et al., 2021 |