Recent Progress in Sustainable Fish Byproduct Utilization: Unveiling Fish Collagen as a Potential Wound Healing Agent

Aziz Jaziri, Abdul; Shapawi, Rossita; Azli Mohd Mokhtar, Ruzaidi; Noordin, Wan Norhana Md.; Sukoso; Huda, Nurul

doi:10.2478/aoas-2025-0026

Figures & Tables

Fish collagen as potential wound healing agent

Enzymatic hydrolysis reaction of protein into peptides

Schematic diagram of four phases in the wound healing process

Extraction, yield, type, solubility, and colour of collagens derived from tropical marine fish sources

Source	Portion	Extraction	Time	Yield	SDS-PAGE data			Solubility		Colour attributes			Reference
Source	Portion	Extraction	Time	Yield	α1 (kDa)	α2 (kDa)	Type	NaCl	pH	*L	*a	*b	Reference
1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14
Threadfin bream	Scale + fin	ASC-Ca	12 h	22%	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	93.7	–1.84	13.44	(Normah and Afiqah, 2018)
(Nemipterus japonicus)	Scale + fin	ASC-C	12 h	8.30%	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	94.82	0.31	0.2
Spotted golden goatfish	Scale	ASC	48 h	0.46%	117	108	I	0–20 g/L	2–4	ND	ND	ND	(Matmaroh et al., 2011)
(Parupeneus heptacanthus)	Scale	PSC	48 h	1.20%	117	108	I	0–30 g/L	2–4	ND	ND	ND
Bigeye snapper	Skin	ASC-A	72 h	5.79%	118	106	I	0–3%	1–5	ND	ND	ND	(Oslan et al., 2022)
(Priacanthus tayenus)	Skin	ASC-L	72 h	3.19%	118	106	I	0–3%	1–5	ND	ND	ND
	Skin	ASC-C	72 h	4.15%	118	106	I	0–3%	1–5	ND	ND	ND
	Skin	PSC	48 h	6.65%	118	106	I	0–3%	1–5	ND	ND	ND
Barracuda	Skin	ASC-A	72 h	6.77%	143.2	136.6	I	0–20 g/L	1–5	78.54	−0.05	0.64	(Matarsim et al., 2023)
(Sphyraena sp.)	Skin	ASC-L	72 h	10.06%	143.2	136.6	I	0–20 g/L	1–3	56.88	0.6	5.83
	Skin	ASC-C	72 h	8.35%	143.2	136.6	I	0–20 g/L	1–3	54.34	0.66	3.78
Unicorn fish	Bone	ASC-A	72 h	0.40%	138	118.3	I	0–10 g/L	1–5	81.44	−0.19	0.79	(Fatiroi et al., 2023)
(Naso reticulatus)	Bone	ASC-L	72 h	1.08%	138	118.3	I	0–20 g/L	1–5	82.55	0.4	6.51
	Bone	ASC-C	72 h	1.36%	138	118.3	I	0–10 g/L	1–3	79.35	0.04	3.26
Sin croaker (Johniecop sina)	Bone + scale	ASC	72 h	2.74%	120	100	I	0–2%	1–2	ND	ND	ND	(Normah and Afiqah, 2018)
Miiuy croaker	Swim bladder	ASC	60 h	1.33%	ND	ND	I	0–2%	1–4	ND	ND	ND	(Li et al., 2018)
(Miichthys miiuy)	Swim bladder	PSC	48 h	8.37%	ND	ND	I	0–2%	1–4	ND	ND	ND
Chu’s croaker (Nibea coibor)	Swim bladder	ASC	48 h	7.33%	130	110	I	0–3%	1–5	ND	ND	ND	(Xiao et al., 2023)
Blackspotted croaker	Swim bladder	ASC	48 h	7.15%	130	110	I	0–2%	1–5	ND	ND	ND	(Xiao et al., 2023)
(Protonibea diacanthus)
Barramundi	Skin	ASC	48 h	8.12%	ND	ND	I	0–2%	1–5	65.41	0.14	3.16	(Bakar et al., 2013)
(Lates calcarifer)	Skin	PSC	24 h	43.63%	ND	ND	I	0–2%	1–5	61.33	2.59	5.35
Seabass	Scale	ASC	48 h	0.38%	118	105	I	ND	1–4	ND	ND	ND	(Chuaychan et al., 2015)
(Lates calcarifer)	Scale	PSC	48 h	1.06%	118	105	I	ND	1–4	ND	ND	ND
Seabass	Skin	ASC	48 h	8.32%	135.8	122.5	I	ND	ND	82.27	4.4	1.9	(Razali et al., 2023)
(Lates calcarifer)	Skin	UAE	48.3 h	56.61%	139.5	127	I	ND	ND	72.45	5.75	7.39
Emperor fish (Lethrinus lentjan)	Skin	ASC	48 h	7.70%	176	150	I	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	(Firdayanti et al., 2023)
Parrotfish	Scale	ASC	48 h	1.17%	118.1	107.7	I	0–20 g/L	1–5	61.74	2.61	6.15	(Jaziri et al., 2023)
(Scarus sordidus)	Scale	PSC	48 h	1.00%	118.1	107.7	I	0–30 g/L	1–5	74.81	1.09	6.14
Grouper (Epinephelus sp.)	Swim bladder	PSC	48 h	18.16%	133	123	I	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	(Dong and Dai, 2022)
Golden pompano	Skin	ASC	48 h	21.81%	105	120	I	0–30 g/L	1–4	ND	ND	ND	(Cao et al., 2019)
(Trachinotus ovatus)	Bone	PSC	48 h	1.25%	105	120	I	0–30 g/L	1–4	ND	ND	ND
Shortfin scad	Bone + skin	ASC	24 h	3.35%	ND	ND	I	ND	1–10	ND	ND	ND	(Sulaiman and Sarbon, 2020)
(Decapterus macrosoma)	Bone + skin	PSC	30 h	0.10%	ND	ND	I	ND	1–3	ND	ND	ND
Mahi mahi	Skin	ASC	ND	5.90%	120	110	I	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	(Akita et al., 2019)
(Coryphaena hippurus)	Skin	PSC	ND	4.00%	120	110	I	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND
Fringescale sardinella	Scale	ASC	24 h	7.48%	ND	ND	I	ND	1–5	ND	ND	ND	(Hamdan and Sarbon, 2019)
(Sardinella fimbriata)	Scale	PSC	30 h	0.94%	ND	ND	I	ND	1–6	ND	ND	ND
Horse mackerel	Scale	ASC	96 h	0.64%	ND	ND	I	0–0.4 M	1–5	ND	ND	ND	(Minh et al., 2014)
(Trachurus japonicus)
Grey mullet (Mugil cephalis)	Scale	ASC	96 h	0.43%	ND	ND	I	0–0.4 M	1–5	ND	ND	ND	(Minh et al., 2014)
Flying fish	Scale	ASC	96 h	0.72%	ND	ND	I	0–0.4 M	1–5	ND	ND	ND	(Minh et al., 2014)
(Cypselurus melanurus)
Yellowback seabream	Scale	ASC	96 h	0.90%	ND	ND	I	0–0.4 M	1–5	ND	ND	ND	(Minh et al., 2014)
(Dentex tumifrons)
Needle fish	Skin	ASC-A	72 h	3.13%	130	100	I	0–10 g/L	1–3	69.77	71.89	57.14	(Ramle et al., 2022)
(Tylosurus melanotus)	Skin	ASC-L	72 h	0.56%	130	100	I	0–10 g/L	1–3	0.15	0.92	0.73
	Skin	ASC-C	72 h	1.03%	130	100	I	0–10 g/L	1–5	5.52	5.2	4.69
Mackerel	Bone	PSC	72 h	1.75%	123	116	I	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	(Asaduzzaman et al., 2020)
(Scomber japonicus)	Skin	PSC	72 h	8.10%	123	116	I	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND
Sharpnose stingray	Skin	ASC	24 h	20.48%	ND	ND	I	ND	1–6	ND	ND	ND	(Ong et al., 2021)
(Dasyatis zugei)	Skin	PSC	30 h	34.84%	ND	ND	I	ND	1–5	ND	ND	ND
Sharpnose stingray	Skin	ASC+UEA	1 h	42.34%	ND	100	I	ND	1–6	ND	ND	ND	(Shaik et al., 2021)
(Dasyatis zugei)	Skin	PSC+UEA	1 h	61.50%	ND	95	I	ND	1–5	ND	ND	ND
Silvertip shark	Skeletal	PSC	96 h	ND	ND	ND	II	0–1%	3–6	ND	ND	ND	(Jeevithan et al., 2014)
(C. albimarginatus)	Head bone	PSC	96 h	ND	ND	ND	II	0–1%	3–6	ND	ND	ND

Optimisation methods for collagen derived from fish byproducts

Source	Fish portion	Optimisation procedure	Yield	Characterization remarks	References
Milkfish (Chanos chanos Forskal)	Scale	CCD with the optimal conditions: extraction time (X1) = 61.30 h; AcOH concentration (X2) = 0.66 M.	0.73%	FTIR, DSC and analysis amino acid show that milkfish scale collagen in this study resembles that of commercial collagen	(Isnainita and Bambang, 2018)
Small-spotted catshark (Scyliorhinus canicula)	Skin	CCD with the optimal conditions: temperature (X1) = 25°C; extraction time (X2) = 34.2 h; AcOH concentration (X3) = 1.0 M.	61.24%	It contained two identical α1 chains (120 kDa) and one α2 chain (110 kDa) in the molecular form of [α1(I)]2 α2(I)],	(Blanco et al., 2019)
Yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares)	Dorsal skin	CCD with the optimal conditions: NaOH concentration (X1) = 0.92 N; NaOH treatment time (X2) = 24 h; pepsin concentration (X3) = 0.98% (w/v); hydrolysis time (X4) = 23.5 h.	27.10%	The obtained type I PSC had a 20.5% imino acid and the optimal extraction process did not affect the helical structure of collagen.	(Woo et al., 2008)
Sole fish (Aseraggodes umbratilis)	Skin	Initiated with OVAT, and followed by BBD with the optimal conditions: AcOH concentration (X1) = 0.54 M; salt concentration (X2) = 1.90 M; solvent/solid ratio (X3) = 8.97 mL/g; extraction time (X4) = 32.3 h.	19.27%	Extracted collagen was categorised as type I and IR analysis showed the existence of helical arrangements of collagen	(Arumugam et al., 2018)
Cuttlefish (Sepia pharaonis)	Skin	BBD with the optimal conditions: pH value (X1) = 1.5; solid-liquid ratio (X2) = 20 mL/g; pepsin concentration (X3) = 15 U/mg	8.79%	Considered as type I, and it confirmed the presence of collagen fibrils in the cuttlefish skin	(Hou et al., 2022)
Giant croaker (Nibea japonica)	Skin	Initiated with OVAT, and followed by BBD with the optimal conditions: pepsin concentration (X1) = 1389 U/g; solid-liquid ratio (X2) = 1:57; extraction time (X4) = 8.67 h.	84.85%	Characterized as type I collagen, its triple helical structure was maintained, and had a high solubility at pH 1.0–4.0	(Yu et al., 2018)
Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)	Skin	Two-level 23 factorial experimental with the optimal conditions: AcOH = 0.35 M; temperature: 20°C; extraction time: 65 h.	19.00%	The triple helical structure of ASC from tilapia skin collagen did not change after being confirmed by FTIR.	(Menezes et al., 2020)
Sea eel (Muraenesox cinereus)	Swim bladder	Initiated with OVAT and followed by BBD with the optimal conditions: pepsin concentration (X1) = 2067 U/g; solid-liquid ratio (X2) = 1:83; extraction time (X4) = 10 h.	93.76%	Classified as type I and it displayed a fibrous structure under electron microscopy	(Li et al., 2023)
Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)	Swim bladder	CCD with the optimal conditions: liquid-solid ratio (X1) = 17.85; AcOH concentration (X2) = 0.54 M; extraction time (X3) = 34 h.	8.21%	–	(Zhang et al., 2010)

FTIR spectra peak area of collagen derived from tropical marine fish byproducts

Source	Byproduct	Method	FTIR							References
Source	Byproduct	Method	Amide A	Amide B	Amide I	Amide II	Amide III	Δv	A/T	References
1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11
Spotted golden goatfish	Scale	ASC	3296 cm⁻¹	3081 cm⁻¹	1646 cm⁻¹	1549 cm⁻¹	1237 cm⁻¹	97	0.9	(Matmaroh et al., 2011)
(Parupeneus heptacanthus)	Scale	PSC	3296 cm⁻¹	3081 cm⁻¹	1631 cm⁻¹	1536 cm⁻¹	1234 cm⁻¹	95	0.9
Bigeye snapper	Skin	ASC-A	3427 cm⁻¹	2926 cm⁻¹	1638 cm⁻¹	1560 cm⁻¹	1242 cm⁻¹	78	0.9	(Oslan et al., 2022)
(Priacanthus tayenus)	Skin	ASC-L	3435 cm⁻¹	2928 cm⁻¹	1643 cm⁻¹	1563 cm⁻¹	1240 cm⁻¹	80	0.9
	Skin	ASC-C	3439 cm⁻¹	2927 cm⁻¹	1642 cm⁻¹	1564 cm⁻¹	1240 cm⁻¹	78	0.9
	Skin	PSC	3401 cm⁻¹	2933 cm⁻¹	1649 cm⁻¹	1555 cm⁻¹	1240 cm⁻¹	94	0.9
Barracuda (Sphyraena sp.)	Skin	ASC-A	3278 cm⁻¹	2921 cm⁻¹	1629 cm⁻¹	1541 cm⁻¹	1234 cm⁻¹	87.6	0.9	(Matarsim et al., 2023)
	Skin	ASC-L	3278 cm⁻¹	2920 cm⁻¹	1629 cm⁻¹	1541 cm⁻¹	1237 cm⁻¹	87.6	0.9
	Skin	ASC-C	3283 cm⁻¹	2921 cm⁻¹	1629 cm⁻¹	1541 cm⁻¹	1235 cm⁻¹	87.6	0.9
Bigeye tuna	Skin	ASC	3301 cm⁻¹	2927 cm⁻¹	1639 cm⁻¹	1546 cm⁻¹	1240 cm⁻¹	93	0.9	(Ahmed et al., 2020)
(Thunnus obesus)	Skin	PSC	3299 cm⁻¹	2931 cm⁻¹	1639 cm⁻¹	1546 cm⁻¹	1240 cm⁻¹	93	0.9
	Scale	PSC	3298 cm⁻¹	2926 cm⁻¹	1639 cm⁻¹	1546 cm⁻¹	1239 cm⁻¹	93	0.9
	Bones	PSC	3297 cm⁻¹	2926 cm⁻¹	1639 cm⁻¹	1545 cm⁻¹	1239 cm⁻¹	94	0.9
Skipjack tuna	Skull	ASC	3397 cm⁻¹	2926 cm⁻¹	1645 cm⁻¹	1548 cm⁻¹	1240 cm⁻¹	97	0.9	(Ding et al., 2019)
(Katsuwonus pelamis)	Skull	PSC	3411 cm⁻¹	2926 cm⁻¹	1636 cm⁻¹	1548 cm⁻¹	1240 cm⁻¹	88	0.9
	Spine	ASC	3397 cm⁻¹	2926 cm⁻¹	1645 cm⁻¹	1548 cm⁻¹	1240 cm⁻¹	97	0.9
	Spine	PSC	3411 cm⁻¹	2926 cm⁻¹	1638 cm⁻¹	1548 cm⁻¹	1240 cm⁻¹	90	0.9
Starry triggerfish	Skin	ASC	3416 cm⁻¹	2911 cm⁻¹	1634 cm⁻¹	1545 cm⁻¹	1237 cm⁻¹	88.7	0.9	(Ahmad et al., 2016)
(Abalistes stellatus)	Skin	PSC	3433 cm⁻¹	2909 cm⁻¹	1636 cm⁻¹	1547 cm⁻¹	1237 cm⁻¹	89.2	0.9
Unicorn leatherjacket	Skin	PSC	3294 cm⁻¹	3086 cm⁻¹	1635 cm⁻¹	1546 cm⁻¹	1236 cm⁻¹	88.5	0.9	(Ahmad and Benjakul, 2010)
(Aluterus monocerous)	Skin	PSC-A	3293 cm⁻¹	3080 cm⁻¹	1632 cm⁻¹	1547 cm⁻¹	1235 cm⁻¹	85.1	0.9
	Skin	PSC-Y	3294 cm⁻¹	3080 cm⁻¹	1640 cm⁻¹	1545 cm⁻¹	1235 cm⁻¹	94.4	0.9
Unicorn fish	Bone	ASC-A	3308 cm⁻¹	2920 cm⁻¹	1639 cm⁻¹	1543 cm⁻¹	1238 cm⁻¹	95	0.9	(Fatiroi et al., 2023)
(Naso reticulatus)	Bone	ASC-L	3278 cm⁻¹	2924 cm⁻¹	1638 cm⁻¹	1545 cm⁻¹	1238 cm⁻¹	93.2	0.9
	Bone	ASC-C	3278 cm⁻¹	2924 cm⁻¹	1618 cm⁻¹	1542 cm⁻¹	1236 cm⁻¹	75.4	0.9
Mackerel	Bone	PSC	3283 cm⁻¹	2922 cm⁻¹	1650 cm⁻¹	1537 cm⁻¹	1237 cm⁻¹	113	0.9	(Asaduzzaman et al., 2020)
(Scomber japonicus)	Skin	PSC	3285 cm⁻¹	2922 cm⁻¹	1651 cm⁻¹	1548 cm⁻¹	1238 cm⁻¹	103	0.9
Giant croaker	Swim bladder	ASC	3419 cm⁻¹	2926 cm⁻¹	1656 cm⁻¹	1555 cm⁻¹	1240 cm⁻¹	101	0.9	(Chen et al., 2019)
(Nibea japonica)	Swim bladder	PSC	3443 cm⁻¹	2927 cm⁻¹	1654 cm⁻¹	1556 cm⁻¹	1240 cm⁻¹	98.2	0.9
Miiuy croaker	Swim bladder	ASC	3325 cm⁻¹	2938 cm⁻¹	1653 cm⁻¹	1543 cm⁻¹	1241 cm⁻¹	109.8	0.9	(Li et al., 2018)
(Miichthys miiuy)	Swim bladder	PSC	3362 cm⁻¹	2932 cm⁻¹	1655 cm⁻¹	1548 cm⁻¹	1243 cm⁻¹	107	0.9
Seabass	Scale	ASC	3285 cm⁻¹	3075 cm⁻¹	1657 cm⁻¹	1553 cm⁻¹	1456 cm⁻¹	104	1.0	(Chuaychan et al., 2015)
(Lates calcarifer)	Scale	PSC	3311 cm⁻¹	3086 cm⁻¹	1650 cm⁻¹	1548 cm⁻¹	1459 cm⁻¹	102	1.0
Seabass	Skin	ASC	3292 cm⁻¹	2922 cm⁻¹	1634 cm⁻¹	1548 cm⁻¹	1238 cm⁻¹	86	0.9	(Razali et al., 2023)
(Lates calcarifer)	Skin	UAE	3307 cm⁻¹	2923 cm⁻¹	1651 cm⁻¹	1548 cm⁻¹	1235 cm⁻¹	103	0.9
Seabass (Lates calcarifer)	Skin	PSC	3379 cm⁻¹	2931 cm⁻¹	1657 cm⁻¹	1553 cm⁻¹	1241 cm⁻¹	104.5	0.9	(Liao et al., 2018)
Emperor fish (Lethrinus lentjan)	Skin	ASC	3367 cm⁻¹	2916 cm⁻¹	1635 cm⁻¹	1555 cm⁻¹	1385 cm⁻¹	80	1.0	(Firdayanti et al., 2023)
Parrotfish (Scarus sordidus)	Scale	ASC	3287 cm⁻¹	2428 cm⁻¹	1636 cm⁻¹	1541 cm⁻¹	1235 cm⁻¹	95	0.9	(Jaziri et al., 2023)
	Scale	PSC	3298 cm⁻¹	2927 cm⁻¹	1636 cm⁻¹	1541 cm⁻¹	1235 cm⁻¹	95	0.9
Grouper (Epinephelus sp.)	Swim bladder	PSC	3336 cm⁻¹	2923 cm⁻¹	1647 cm⁻¹	1548 cm⁻¹	1238 cm⁻¹	98.8	0.9	(Dong and Dai, 2022 a)
Golden pompano	Skin	ASC	3421 cm⁻¹	2932 cm⁻¹	1653 cm⁻¹	1542 cm⁻¹	1240 cm⁻¹	110.5	0.9	(Cao et al., 2019 a)
(Trachinotus ovatus)	Bone	PSC	3423 cm⁻¹	2926 cm⁻¹	1656 cm⁻¹	1548 cm⁻¹	1241 cm⁻¹	107.3	0.9
Puffer fish	Skin	ASC	ND	ND	1640 cm⁻¹	1546 cm⁻¹	1247 cm⁻¹	94.2	0.9	(Iswariya et al., 2018)
(Lagocephalus inermis)	Skin	PSC	ND	ND	1640 cm⁻¹	1546 cm⁻¹	1247 cm⁻¹	94.2	0.9
Shortfin scad	Bone + skin	ASC	3456 cm⁻¹	ND	1637 cm⁻¹	1590 cm⁻¹	1262 cm⁻¹	46.9	0.9	(Sulaiman and Sarbon, 2020)
(Decapterus macrosoma)	Bone + skin	PSC	3449 cm⁻¹	2934 cm⁻¹	1636 cm⁻¹	1560 cm⁻¹	1264 cm⁻¹	76.4	0.9
Mahi mahi	Skin	ASC	3325 cm⁻¹	3083 cm⁻¹	1654 cm⁻¹	1543 cm⁻¹	1240 cm⁻¹	111	0.9	(Akita et al., 2019)
(Coryphaena hippurus)	Skin	PSC	3326 cm⁻¹	3078 cm⁻¹	1656 cm⁻¹	1534 cm⁻¹	1235 cm⁻¹	122	0.9
Fringescale sardinella	Scale	ASC	3417 cm⁻¹	ND	ND	1590 cm⁻¹	1414 cm⁻¹	ND	1.0	(Hamdan and Sarbon, 2019)
(Sardinella fimbriata)	Scale	PSC	3424 cm⁻¹	ND	ND	1401 cm⁻¹	1265 cm⁻¹	ND	0.9
Needle fish	Skin	ASC-A	3290 cm⁻¹	2939 cm⁻¹	1640 cm⁻¹	1541 cm⁻¹	1232 cm⁻¹	98.8	0.8	(Ramle et al., 2022)
(Tylosurus melanotus)	Skin	ASC-L	3290 cm⁻¹	2917 cm⁻¹	1640 cm⁻¹	1541 cm⁻¹	1232 cm⁻¹	98.8	0.8
	Skin	ASC-C	3290 cm⁻¹	2920 cm⁻¹	1640 cm⁻¹	1541 cm⁻¹	1236 cm⁻¹	98.8	0.9
Sailfish	Skin	ASC	3423 cm⁻¹	2928 cm⁻¹	1654 cm⁻¹	1560 cm⁻¹	1240 cm⁻¹	94	0.9	(Tamilmozhi et al., 2013)
(Istiophorus platypterus)	Skin	PSC	3337 cm⁻¹	2924 cm⁻¹	1646 cm⁻¹	1549 cm⁻¹	1240 cm⁻¹	97	0.9
Cobia	Skin	ASC	3384 cm⁻¹	2927 cm⁻¹	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	(Zeng et al., 2012)
(Rachycentron canadum)	Skin	PSC	3333 cm⁻¹	2924 cm⁻¹	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND
Sharpnose stingray	Skin	ASC	3424 cm⁻¹	ND	1627 cm⁻¹	1553 cm⁻¹	1239 cm⁻¹	73.9	0.9	(Ong et al., 2021)
(Dasyatis zugei)	Skin	PSC	3439 cm⁻¹	ND	1627 cm⁻¹	1553 cm⁻¹	1239 cm⁻¹	74.1	0.9
Sharpnose stingray	Skin	ASC+UEA	3449 cm⁻¹	2997 cm⁻¹	1632 cm⁻¹	1573 cm⁻¹	1263 cm⁻¹	59	0.9	(Shaik et al., 2021)
(Dasyatis zugei)	Skin	PSC+UEA	3449 cm⁻¹	2998 cm⁻¹	1637 cm⁻¹	1579 cm⁻¹	1262 cm⁻¹	58	0.9
Silvertip shark	Skeletal	PSC	3331 cm⁻¹	2932 cm⁻¹	1660 cm⁻¹	1551 cm⁻¹	1240 cm⁻¹	109.1	0.9	(Jeevithan et al., 2014)
(Carcharhinus albimarginatus)	Head bone	PSC	3415 cm⁻¹	2957 cm⁻¹	1655 cm⁻¹	1548 cm⁻¹	1242 cm⁻¹	107.4	0.9

UV-vis, XRD, DSC and microstructural properties of collagen derived from tropical marine fish byproducts

Source	Part	Method	UV-vis	XRD		DCS		Microstructural results	References
Source	Part	Method	UV-vis	Peak A	Peak B	T_max	ΔH	Microstructural results	References
1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
Spotted golden goatfish	Scale	ASC	ND	ND	ND	41.58°C	ND	ND	(Matmaroh et al., 2011)
(P. heptacanthus)	Scale	PSC	ND	ND	ND	41.01°C	ND	ND
Bigeye snapper (Priacanthus tayenus)	Skin	PSC	ND	ND	ND	31.3°C	ND	ND	(Benjakul et al., 2010)
Bigeye snapper (Priacanthus macracanthus)	Skin	PSC	ND	ND	ND	31.15°C	ND	ND	(Benjakul et al., 2010)
Bigeye snapper	Skin	ASC-A	ND	ND	ND	31.4°C	ND	ND	(Oslan et al., 2022)
(Priacanthus tayenus)	Skin	ASC-L	ND	ND	ND	31.7°C	ND	ND
	Skin	ASC-C	ND	ND	ND	31.5°C	ND	ND
	Skin	PSC	ND	ND	ND	33.2°C	ND	ND
Brownstripe red snapper	Skin	ASC	ND	ND	ND	31.52°C	ND	ND	(Jongjareonrak et al., 2005 a)
(Lutjanus vitta)	Skin	PSC	ND	ND	ND	31.02°C	ND	ND
Barracuda	Skin	ASC-A	230.5 nm	7.48°	20.02°	41.29°C	0.13 J/g	A multi-layered form with the irregular sheet-like film connected by random-coiled filaments	(Matarsim et al., 2023)
(Sphyraena sp.)	Skin	ASC-L	230.5 nm	7.26°	19.16°	40.69°C	0.08 J/g
	Skin	ASC-C	230.5 nm	7.64°	19.12°	40.16°C	0.05 J/g
Bigeye tuna	Skin	ASC	ND	ND	ND	32.07°C	-	ND	(Ahmed et al., 2019 a)
(Thunnus obesus)	Skin	PSC	ND	ND	ND	33.73°C	-	ND
	Scale	PSC	ND	ND	ND	31.63°C	-	ND
	Bones	PSC	ND	ND	ND	32.26°C	-	ND
Skipjack tuna	Skull	ASC	220 nm	ND	ND	ND	-	ND	(Ding et al., 2019)
(Katsuwonus pelamis)	Skull	PSC	220 nm	ND	ND	ND	-	ND
	Spine	ASC	220 nm	ND	ND	ND	-	ND
	Spine	PSC	220 nm	ND	ND	ND	-	ND
Starry triggerfish	Skin	ASC	ND	ND	ND	35.9°C	2.4 J/g	ND	(Ahmad et al., 2016)
(Abalistes stellatus)	Skin	PSC	ND	ND	ND	33.6°C	2.1 J/g	ND
Puffer fish	Skin	ASC	230 nm	ND	ND	ND	ND	Both ASC and PSC showed fibrous and porous structure under SEM	(Iswariya et al., 2018)
(Lagocephalus inermis)	Skin	PSC	230 nm	ND	ND	ND	ND
Unicorn leatherjacket	Skin	PSC	ND	ND	ND	31.98°C	0.60 J/g	ND	(Ahmad and Benjakul, 2010)
(Aluterus monocerous)	Skin	PSC-A	ND	ND	ND	31.73°C	0.75 J/g	ND
	Skin	PSC-Y	ND	ND	ND	31.68°C	0.76 J/g	ND
Unicorn fish (Naso reticulatus)	Bone	ASC-A	231.2 nm	7.22°	21.33°	33.51°C	3.9 mJ/g	The PSCs had an irregular and dense flake structure with coiled filaments	(Fatiroi et al., 2023)
	Bone	ASC-L	229.8 nm	7.24°	21.74°	33.39°C	7.7 mJ/g
	Bone	ASC-C	230.8 nm	6.66°	20.11°	33.34°C	5.7 mJ/g
Miiuy croaker (Miichthys miiuy)	Swim bladder	ASC	226 nm	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	(Li et al., 2018)
	Swim bladder	PSC	226 nm	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND
Chu’s croaker (Nibea coibor)	Swim bladder	ASC	201–220 nm	ND	ND	79.74°C	ND	The ASC was uniform and porous	(Xiao et al., 2023)
Giant croaker (Nibea japonica)	Skin	PSC	230 nm	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	(Yu et al., 2018)
Giant croaker (Nibea japonica)	Swim bladder	ASC	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	All samples showed multi-layered, fibrous, and porous structure	(Chen et al., 2019)
	Swim bladder	PSC	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND
Sin croaker (J. sina)	Bone	ASC	ND	ND	ND	31.31°C	0.05 J/g	ND	(Normah and Afiqah, 2018)
Blackspotted croaker (Protonibea diacanthus)	Swim bladder	ASC	201–220 nm	ND	ND	85.93°C	ND	The extracted collagen appeared to be an irregular dense sheet-like film	(Xiao et al., 2023)
Seabass (Lates calcarifer)	Skin	PSC	230.3 nm	7.05°	20.30°	109.6°C	ND	The collagen presented like soft white sponge with l irregular dense sheet-like film	(Liao et al., 2018)
Seabass	Scale	ASC	ND	ND	ND	38.17°C	0.72 J/g	ND	(Chuaychan et al., 2015)
(Lates calcarifer)	Scale	PSC	ND	ND	ND	39.32°C	0.91 J/g	ND
Giant grouper	Skin	ASC	215–230 nm	ND	ND	31.71°C	ND	ND	(Hsieh et al., 2016)
(E. lanceolatus)	Skin	PSC	215–230 nm	ND	ND	31.33°C	ND	ND
Grouper (Epinephelus sp.)	Swim bladder	PSC	234 nm	ND	ND	33.84°C	ND	ND	(Dong and Dai, 2022 b)
Parrotfish	Scale	ASC	230 nm	7.65°	19.71°	37.78°C	0.35 J/g	ND	(Jaziri et al., 2023)
(Scarus sordidus)	Scale	PSC	232 nm	7.59°	19.37°	36.22°C	0.02 J/g	ND
Golden pompano	Skin	ASC	ND	7.97°	20.8°	37.04°C	ND	ND	(Cao et al., 2019 a)
(Trachinotus ovatus)	Bone	PSC	ND	7.58°	20.6°	38.23°C	ND	ND
Cobia (Rachycentron canadum)	Skin	ASC	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	(Zeng et al., 2012)
	Skin	PSC	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND
Sailfish (Istiophorus platypterus)	Skin	ASC	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	The samples look like fine globular filaments	(Tamilmozhi et al., 2013)
	Skin	PSC	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND
Narrow-barred Spanish mackerel (S. commerson)	Skin	ASC	ND	7.6°	19.4°	ND	ND	The extracted collagen had irregular dense sheet-like structure	(Naderi Gharahgheshlagh et al., 2023)
Horse mackerel (T. japonicus)	Scale	ASC	ND	ND	ND	28.1°C	0.59 J/g	ND	(Minh et al., 2014)
Grey mullet (Mugil cephalis)	Scale	ASC	ND	ND	ND	27.1°C	0.28 J/g	ND
Flying fish (Cypselurus melanurus)	Scale	ASC	ND	ND	ND	29.2°C	0.59 J/g	ND
Yellowback seabream (D. tumifrons)	Scale	ASC	ND	ND	ND	28.2°C	0.56 J/g	ND
Needle fish	Skin	ASC-A	231.5 nm	ND	ND	39°C	ND	ND	(Ramle et al., 2022)
(Tylosurus melanotus)	Skin	ASC-L	231.5 nm	ND	ND	38.6°C	ND	ND
	Skin	ASC-C	231.5 nm	ND	ND	38.15°C	ND	ND
Sharpnose stingray	Skin	ASC	ND	ND	ND	31.94°C	ND	ND	(Ong et al., 2021)
(Dasyatis zugei)	Skin	PSC	ND	ND	ND	31.76°C	ND	ND
Sharpnose stingray	Skin	ASC+UEA	ND	ND	ND	45.57°C	ND	ND	(Shaik et al., 2021)
(Dasyatis zugei)	Skin	PSC+UEA	ND	ND	ND	45.55°C	ND	ND
Silvertip shark	Skeletal	PSC	237.7 nm	ND	ND	58.07°C	ND	The collagens depicted a porous, fibrillary and multi-layered structure	(Jeevithan et al., 2014)
(Carcharhinus albimarginatus)	Head bone	PSC	238 nm	ND	ND	54.64°C	ND
Brownbanded bamboo shark (C. punctatum)	Cartilages	ASC	ND	ND	ND	36.73°C	1.55 J/g	ND	(Kittiphattanabawon et al., 2010)
	Cartilages	PSC	ND	ND	ND	35.98°C	0.85 J/g	ND
Blacktip shark	Cartilages	ASC	ND	ND	ND	36.28°C	0.70 J/g	ND	(Kittiphattanabawon et al., 2010)
(C. limbatus)	Cartilages	PSC	ND	ND	ND	34.56°C	0.95 J/g	ND

Latest reports on wound healing treatment derived from fish collagens

Source	Animal model used	Type and size of wound	Wound treatment	Findings	References
1	2	3	4	5	6
Collagen peptide from jellyfish (Rhopilema esculentum)	Male mice (26 g)	Excision wound (d = 8.5 mm²)	Collagen peptide administered intragastrically every morning for 6 days (0.3–0.9 g/kg b.w.)	Smaller wound closure on mice after 6 days post-injury was obtained from the collagen from jellyfish; showed remarkable sign of re-epithelialisation, tissue regeneration and increased collagen deposition; Significantly increased levels of β-FGF and TGF-β expression.	(Felician et al., 2019)
Sturgeon fish (Acipenser baerii×Huso huso) skin collagen peptide-based nanoemulsion	Male mice (8-week-old)	Excision wound (d = 0.85 cm²)	Tube feeding initiated at day 2 to day 14 posttraumatic (100 and 300 mg/kg/day)	Most effective in declining fasting blood glucose (46.75%) obtained from the treated group with low-MW and high-dose nanoemulsion; The low-MW and high-dose nanoemulsion also enhanced wound healing area (95.53%) compared to other treated groups.	(Hou and Chen, 2023)
Collagen sponge from the swim bladders of giant croaker (N. japonica)	Male ICR mice (6–8 weeks old, 22–24 g)	Excision wound model (d = 8 mm²)	Collagen sponge dressing	Quicker wound closure in the wounds treated with collagen sponges compared to the control group; significantly decreased the levels of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α	(Chen et al., 2019)
Type II collagen from cartilage of Acipenser baerii	Male C57BL/6J mice (8–10 weeks old)	Excision wound model (d = 8 mm²)	Wound dressing, the dressings were changed every 2 days	Accelerated wound healing, associated with reducing inflammation, increasing granulation, tissue formation and collagen deposition; Upregulated the production of growth factors.	(Lai et al., 2020)
Tilapia collagen peptide mixture TY001	Male C57BL/6 mice (3 months old, 25 g)	Excision wound model (d = 8 mm²)	Administrated via drinking water (15–45 g/L)	Enhanced wound healing rate after 5 days post-wounding; Increased collagen deposition and Hyp level; Improved IGF-1, FGF2, mRNA expression of growth factors, serum cytokine, NO, SOD and CAT.	(Xiong et al., 2020)
Swim bladder collagen from sea eel (Muraenesox cinereus)	Male ICR mice (22–24 g)	Excision wound model (1 cm²)	Collagen sponge dressing	Rapid wound healing was exhibited in the treated group; Enhanced activities of SOD, CAT, T-AOC and GSH-Px; Decreased the levels of MDA, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α; Prevented scar formation in the later stage.	(Li et al., 2023)
Hydrolysed collagen from the skin of chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta)	Male Sprague-Dawley rats (230–250 g)	Excision wound model (d = 2 cm²) and incision wound model (two 4-cm long, parallel)	Administered orally started 1 day before wounding (2 g/kg/day)	Twelve percent (p<0.01) increase in the % coverage of wound found in the treated group as compared to the control group (excision wound type); Increased fibroblast infiltration, vascularisation, epithelialisation, and collagen deposition in the wounds treated with collagen peptides (incision type); Strongest upregulation in the VEGF and FGF-2 genes expression.	(Zhang et al., 2011)
Pinctada martensii active peptides	Mice	Full cortical wound (d = 0.8 cm²)	Gavaged with samples daily (0.5–2.0 g/kg b.w.)	The active peptides with low dose (0.5 g/kg b.w.) exhibited a shortened epithelialisation time by inhibiting inflammatory response; Enhanced the proliferation of FGF, CD31 and EGF; Increased collagen synthesis via the TGF-β/Smad signalling pathway; Inhibited scar formation and improved healing quality.	(Yang et al., 2019)
Collagen peptides from the skin of chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta)	Sprague-Dawley rats	Incision wound (2.0 cm²)	Administered intragastrically every morning after the surgery day (0–1.15 g/kg b.w.)	Higher values of the skin tensile strength, uterine bursting pressure, and Hyp in the collagen treated group; Increased formation of capillary, fibroblast, and collagen fibre; Enhanced TGF-β1, bFGF, and CD31 expression.	(Wang et al., 2015)
Collagen peptides with low MW from Alaska pollock (Theragra chalcogramma)	Male Sprague-Dawley rats (160–170 g)	Excision wound model (d = 1 cm²) and incision wound model (2 cm long)	Gavaged with samples daily (0.5–2.0 g/kg b.w.)	Faster wound healing rate was recorded in the treated group with collagen peptides on day 4–12 post-surgery; Presented a near-normal epidermis structure; Increased the rates of EGF, bFGF, TGF-β1 and TβRII; Decreased the levels of Smad7 in TGF/Smad signalling pathway.	(Yang et al., 2018)
Collagen peptides from Salmo salar and tilapia skin	Male Sprague-Dawley rats (150–170 g)	Incision wound model (4.0 cm²) and excision wound (1.0 cm²)	Daily oral administration with collagen peptides (2 g/kg b.w.)	Accelerated significantly wound healing, with a complete healed on day 12 post-injury; Decreased TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8; Showed upregulated BD14, NOD2, IL-10, VEGF, and β-FGF; Altered cutaneous microbiome colonization through upregulated NOD2 and BD14.	(Mei et al., 2020)
Biomimetic tilapia skin nanofibres	Male Sprague−Dawley rats (6–8 weeks old; 200–250 g)	Full-thickness skin/excision wound (d = 1.8 cm²)	The wound area was covered with tilapia collagen nanofibres as a wound dressing for 14 days	Complete healing of the wound observed in the treated collagen nanofibers after 14 days; The lowest level of inflammatory response in the treated group; Enhanced the growth of new epidermis throughout the wounded skin.	(Zhou et al., 2017)
Starry puffer (Arothron stellatus) skin collagen coated nanofibrous scaffold	Wistar albino male rats (180–220 g)	Open excision-type wound (2 × 2 cm²)	Dressing the wound after wounding, and changed periodically at an interval of 4, 8 and 12 days	The collagen coated nanofibrous scaffold with addition of Coccinia grandis extract showed with rapid wound closure after 16 days of injury; Increased levels of Hyp, hexosamine and uronic acid; Higher expression of VEGF, EGF, and TGF-β.	(Ramanathan et al., 2017 a)
Starry puffer (Arothron stellatus) skin collagen film incorporated with Coccinia grandis	Wistar albino male rats (200–220 g)	Full thickness excision wound (2 × 2 cm²)	The wounds were dressed at day 0, and changed periodically at an interval of 4 days	A faster healing was detected in the treated group after 8th day up to the complete healing (at day 18); Increased collagen synthesis and re-epithelialisation; The highest expression levels of EGF, VEGF and TGF-β on day 4–8 in the treated group.	(Ramanathan et al., 2017 b)
Biocomposite of fish scale collagen and fibrin with Macrotyloma uniflorum	Wistar albino male rats (180–200 g)	Full thickness excision wound (2 × 2 cm²)	Wound dressing was replaced at an interval of 4 days	Complete healing was recorded at day 13 post-injury and considered faster compared to other samples; Enhanced expression levels of growth factors (i.e., VEGF, EGF, FGF, and TGF-β; Increase collagen synthesis and down regulated MMPs.	(Muthukumar et al., 2014 a)
Collagen sponge of mrigal fish (Cirrhinus cirrhosus) scale	Wistar rats (200 g)	Excision wound (2 × 2 cm (4 cm²))	Wound dressing	Significant reduction in wound area was observed in the collagen-treated group (day 10 = 80.51%; day 15 = 98.97%); Especially at day 10, a new epithelium layer with well-grown hairs was noted in the treated group.	(Pal et al., 2016)
Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) skin collagen	Wistar male rats (110 g)	Full thickness skin wound excision (1.5 × 1.5 cm)	Wound covered with dressing, and changed every 2 days	Smaller wound areas on days 9, 12 and 15 post-wounding were noted in the Nile tilapia skin collagen-treated group; The adjacent skin of rats treated by the collagen gels became smoother compared to the control. Upregulation in the bFGF, VEGF and α-SME genes expression.	(Elbialy et al., 2020)
Collagen-chitosan from Scomberomorus guttatus and shrimp skin	Male Sprague-Dawley rats (300–350 g)	A second degree of burn injury (2 × 4 cm²)	Hydrogel dressing	A significant reduction in wound size in the group treated with collagen-chitosan (3:1) compared to silver sulfadiazine treated group on days 15 and 25	(Fatemi et al., 2021)
Hydrolysed collagen from Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) skin	New Zealand White rabbits	Deep partial-thickness scald model (d = 4 cm²)	Hydrolysed collagen treated once daily for 4 weeks	Wound treated with collagen was almost healed (95.9%) after 21 days, while the control group was 72.1% healing rate.	(Hu et al., 2017)
Tilapia scale collagen nanoparticles	Rabbits (5–6 months old; 1.5–2 kg)	Full thickness opens wound excision (d = 2.5 cm²)	Dressing gel of collagen nanoparticles	Effective sealing was noted after postoperative days 7 to 14; Better and quicker re-epithelisation, compared to the control and positive groups; Remarkably decreased exudation, inflammation, and microbial contamination	(Shalaby et al., 2023)
Collagen sponge from small-spotted catshark (Scyliorhinus canicula) incorporated with plant extract	BALB/c mice	Excisional wound model (d = 6 mm²)	Collagen sponge dressing	Increased significantly healing rate in the wounds treated with spongy collagen scaffolds plus plant extracts after 15 days post-injury.	(Lahmar et al., 2022)

In vitro studies on fish collagens and other components towards skin wound repair

Source	Sample concentration	Cell lines used	In vitro assay	Results	References
1	2	3	4	5	6
Type I collagen from the skin of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus)	0–100 μg/mL	NIH-3T3 fibroblasts	MTT test: 1×10⁵cells/well Scratch test: 2×10⁵cells/well	Enhanced the growth of NIH-3T3 fibroblasts, albeit no significant cytotoxic effect (p>0.05); Better scratch closure rates in the type I PSC treated group, compared to the control.	(Lin et al., 2019)
Collagen peptide (CP) from the swim bladders of giant croaker (Nibea japonica)	0–100 μg/mL	HUVECs	MMT test 1×10⁵cells/well	CP sample significantly minimized the oxidative stress damage caused by H₂O₂ in HUVECs	(Zheng et al., 2020)
Barramundi (Lates calcarifer) scale collagen incorporated with mupirocin and Macrotyloma uniflorum	ND	NIH 3T3 cells and HaCaTs	MTT test: 8×10³to 7×10⁶ cells/well	A great biocompatibility agent against the fibroblasts and keratinocyte cell lines	(Muthukumar et al., 2014 c)
Scaffold from scale of mrigal fish (Cirrhinus cirrhosus)	ND	Primary fibroblasts and keratinocytes from human	MTT test: 5×10⁴cells/scaffold	A highly efficient cell growth and proliferation found in the treated collagen scaffold; Enhanced development of stratified epidermal layer in vitro.	(Pal et al., 2016)
Hydrolysed collagen from the skin of unicorn leatherjacket (A. monoceros)	0.2 mg/mL	3T3-L1 cells 0.05×10⁶cells/well	Scratch assay (0.05×10⁶cells/well)	At concentration of 0.2 mg/mL, a greater migration of cells was noted in the collagen peptide 5 (CP-5) compared to other treated samples.	(Kumar et al., 2019)
Hydrolysed collagen from the skin of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)	6.25–50.0 μg/mL	HaCaT cells	Scratch test: 5×10⁵cells/well	A higher scratch closure presented in the hydrolysed collagen (50.0 μg/mL) then other treatments.	(Hu et al., 2017)
Nanofibres of collagen from Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) skin	ND	HaCaTs	MTT test (2×10⁴ cells/well)	The fabricated type I collagen nanofibres enhanced the adhesion, proliferation, and migration of HaCaTs.	(Zhou et al., 2017)
Narrow-barred Spanish mackerel (S. commerson) skin collagen-based films	ND	3T3 cells	MTT assay: 5×10³ cells/well	Collagen-based films could increase the growth of 3T3-cell and proliferation, as compared to control; Enhanced cell attachment due to its hydrophilicity	(Naderi Gharahgheshlagh et al., 2023)
Hydrolysed collagen from the skin of pirapitinga (Piaractus brachypomus)	0–3 mg/ml	L292 mouse fibroblast cells	MTT test: 1×10⁴ Scratch test: 2×10⁵cells/mL	At the highest concentration, increased % cell viability, and became non-toxic; A remarkable wound closure ability of more than 80% at 12 h and 100% within 24 h.	(Manjushree et al., 2023)
Type I ASC from flounder fish (Paralichthys sp.) skin	25–100%	HFF-1 and L929 cell lines	MTT test (3×10³cells/well)	A minimum (70%) of cell viability was presented in the ASC groups for both HFF-1 and L929 cells	(Sousa et al., 2023)
Hydrolysed collagen from salmon skin	0–1000 μg/mL	HaCaT cell lines	MTT assay: 1×10⁴cells/well Scratch test: 3.5×10⁵cells/well	Enhanced proliferation and migration of keratinocytes; Promoted the second phase of wound healing process, and enhanced the KSC properties	(Woonnoi et al., 2021)
Collagen from jellyfish (Rhopilema esculentum)	0–50 mg/mL	HUVECs	Scratch test: 1×10⁵cells	Significant effects on the scratch closure on cells treated with collagen (6.25 mg/mL for 48 h), as compared to the vehicle treated cells.	(Felician et al., 2019)
Arothron stellatus skin collagen scaffold loaded with extract of Coccinia grandis and drug ciprofloxacin	ND	NIH 3T3 fibroblast and HaCaT cell line	MTT test: 5×10⁴cells/mL	A good biocompatibility of the scaffolds was noted owing to the presence of grooved pattern of the collagen matrix with cellular growth and adhesion	(Ramanathan et al., 2017 b)
Collagen from the bones of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)	0.03–1.5 mg/ml	HaCaTs	MTT and Scratch tests: 6×10⁴cells/ml	Collagen could increase cell viability, proliferation and migration on MTT test; A high efficiency in supporting wound healing, especially stimulation of keratinocytes metabolism.	(Iosageanu et al., 2021)
Swim bladder collagen of gurijuba (H. parkeri) incorporated with chitosan	7.5–15,000 μg/mL	NIH-3T3 cell line	MTT test: 5×10⁵cells/well	A high biocompatibility with NIH-3T3 murine fibroblast cells was observed in the collagen product	(Ferreira et al., 2022)
Fish collagen scaffolds (SA*:FCOL:HA)	ND	HDFs and KCs	MTT test (1×10⁵cells/well)	No inhibition in the proliferation of HDFs and KCs after being treated with collagen scaffolds and considered as biocompatible scaffolds.	(Afzali and Boateng, 2022)
Collagen-coated silk fibroin nanofibers	ND	NIH-3T3 cells	MTT assay: 5×10⁴cells/mL	Increased biocompatibility was noted in the collagen coated silk fibroin nanofibre, and fibroblast viability over the uncoated scaffolds.	(Selvaraj et al., 2023)
Polysaccharides from jellyfish (Rhizostoma pulmo)	0.125 mg/mL per well	BALB/3T3 clone A31	MTT test: 1×10⁴cells/well; Scratch test: 1.25×10⁵cells/well	An effective scratch repair in 2 days (80%) was noted in the treated groups, and supporting in the cell migration and proliferation	(Migone et al., 2022)
Fibrous star poly(ε-caprolactone) melt-electrospun scaffolds	ND	BALB/3T3 clone A31 fibroblast cells	WST-1 cell proliferation reagent: 2×10⁴/cm²	Increased production of collagen shown in the 3T3 fibroblasts, and supported adhesion, proliferation, and spatial organization of cells	(Gazzarri et al., 2013)
Hyaluronic acid/chitosan/bacterial cellulose-based membrane	ND	BALB-3T3 clone A31 cells	MTT method: 10⁴cells/well	Better biocompatibility was observed in the film membranes, and the cell viability was around 94% at 5 days, suggesting a safe material for wound dressing development	(Dechojarassri et al., 2023)
Aloe vera and copaiba oleoresin-loaded chitosan films	ND	Balb/c 3 T3 clone A31 fibroblast cells	MTS test: indirect (1.2×10⁴ cells/well) and direct cytotoxicity (5×10⁴cells/well)	Films obtained with either 0.5% chitosan or 0.5% copaiba oleoresin induced cell proliferation which anticipate their potential for closure of wound and for the healing process	(Genesi et al., 2023)

Amino acid compositions of collagen derived from tropical marine fish byproducts

Source	Portion	Method	Amino acid (residues/1000)																				References
Source	Portion	Method	Ala	Arg	Asp	Cys	Glu	Gly	His	Hyl	Hyp	Ile	Leu	Lys	Met	Phe	Pro	Ser	Thr	Tyr	Val	Imino acid	References
1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24
Spotted golden goatfish	Scale	ASC	134	53	43	2	71	336	6	5	78	8	19	27	14	14	108	36	23	3	19	186	(Matmaroh et al., 2011)
(P. heptacanthus)	Scale	PSC	134	52	42	2	69	340	6	6	81	7	19	26	14	13	108	35	24	2	19	189
Bigeye tuna	Skin	ASC	99	82	40	1	99	227	7	9	82	11	25	33	21	20	150	36	31	4.3	22	232	(Ahmed et al., 2019)
(Thunnus obesus)	Skin	PSC	97	80	42	1	99	222	7	9	82	12	27	33	20	20	148	38	33	5.5	23	230
	Scale	PSC	92	75	44	2	102	222	8	9	87	14	29	32	19	20	142	39	33	6.2	25	229
	Bones	PSC	91	79	44	2	101	216	9	10	87	14	27	39	19	20	140	38	33	6.4	24	227
Skipjack tuna	Skull	ASC	127	41	46	0	67	337	4	4	73	16	27	30	14	15	102	31	26	3.9	26	176	(Ding et al., 2019)
(Katsuwonus pelamis)	Skull	PSC	111	50	43	0	77	330	3	5	69	24	30	27	4	20	100	36	27	1.9	32	170
	Spine	ASC	126	48	46	0	66	339	5	4	73	12	26	29	14	14	104	33	25	2.9	26	178
	Spine	PSC	110	51	44	0	78	332	2	5	70	21	28	31	0	23	98	39	29	0	28	168
Unicorn leatherjacket	Skin	PSC	141	53	47	0	72	325	6	4	83	7	16	27	12	12	109	36	27	2	21	192	(Ahmad and Benjakul, 2010)
(Aluterus monocerous)	Skin	PSC-A	140	53	45	0	74	320	6	4	81	8	18	28	12	12	106	38	27	2	22	187
	Skin	PSC-Y	134	53	55	0	86	290	8	4	72	12	27	33	13	15	97	39	30	5	26	169
Starry triggerfish	Skin	ASC	144	50	46	0	73	322	6	5	84	10	16	26	13	14	109	35	25	4	18	193	(Ahmad et al., 2016 a)
(Abalistes stellatus)	Skin	PSC	140	52	50	0	75	319	7	4	79	8	19	30	12	12	107	37	26	3	20	186
Puffer fish	Skin	ASC	139	53	47	0	72	329	6	0	73	10	20	24	13	9	117	36	29	4	19	190	(Iswariya et al., 2018)
(Lagocephalus inermis)	Skin	PSC	132	51	46	0	70	334	8	0	79	12	22	20	11	11	119	31	27	4	23	198
Brownstripe red snapper	Skin	ASC	143	65	50	0	81	252	7	9	81	7	24	33	15	15	131	37	29	4	18	212	(Jongjareonrak et al., 2005 b)
(Lutjanus vitta)	Skin	PSC	142	68	49	0	79	235	6	15	86	8	24	34	16	16	135	39	30	2	17	221
Seabass	Skin	ASC	70	57	43	0	69	126	4	0	47	10	19	28	15	13	80	17	17	3.8	18	128	(Bakar et al., 2013)
(Lates calcarifer)	Skin	PSC	77	60	48	0	74	129	7	0	56	9	18	30	14	13	83	19	19	2.5	18	140
Seabass	Scale	ASC	133	52	44	0	71	327	7	6	85	11	21	27	15	14	108	28	24	5	22	193	(Chuaychan et al., 2015)
(Lates calcarifer)	Scale	PSC	133	51	42	0	69	337	7	6	89	9	19	26	14	12	106	33	24	3	20	195
Mahi mahi	Skin	ASC	120	54	45	0	80	331	5	3	69	8	20	26	14	30	110	39	24	2	19	179	(Akita et al., 2019)
(Coryphaena hippurus)	Skin	PSC	122	55	45	0	80	338	5	3	72	9	20	27	13	13	113	40	25	2	19	185
Pompano	Skin	ASC	137	53	45	1	71	332	5	0	73	8	21	27	9	12	124	31	25	2.1	20	198	(Cao et al., 2019)
(Trachinotus ovatus)	Bone	PSC	130	54	43	1	70	343	5	0	77	9	22	26	9	12	120	31	24	2.3	21	197
Sailfish	Skin	ASC	113	58	44	2	76	318	3	0	94	14	25	26	11	13	118	37	23	4	20	212	(Tamilmozhi et al., 2013)
(I. platypterus)	Skin	PSC	111	58	40	3	72	325	3	0	99	12	23	25	11	12	122	35	23	5	21	221
Cobia	Skin	ASC	134	52	46	0	70	329	5	0	94	11	21	25	14	14	109	24	23	4	25	203	(Zeng et al., 2012)
(R. canadum)	Skin	PSC	135	51	45	0	69	342	5	0	79	12	21	26	14	14	112	25	23	2	25	191
Giant grouper	Skin	ASC	131	54	48	0	71	337	6	0	70	9	20	26	12	14	119	34	24	3	21	189	(Hsieh et al., 2016)
(E. lanceolatus)	Skin	PSC	123	50	55	0	71	319	6	0	67	15	26	25	10	16	114	43	30	6	24	181
Miiuy croaker	Swim bladder	ASC	96	41	44	0	90	321	9	0	89	11	34	32	6	26	107	28	21	7	23	196	(Zhao et al., 2018)
(Miichthys miiuy)		PSC	95	55	39	0	84	334	8	0	87	13	26	24	5	23	111	27	21	2	32	199
Giant croaker	Swim bladder	ASC	98	46	43	0	46	322	9	0	73	8	16	23	9	9	107	25	16	2	13	181	(Chen et al., 2019)
(Nibea japonica)		PSC	100	47	43	0	45	328	8	0	74	8	15	24	8.4	9	112	25	16	1	13	187
Brownbanded bamboo	Cartilages	ASC	104	51	42	1	78	317	7	7	94	18	24	28	13	14	109	41	23	3	25	203	(Kittiphattanabawon et al., 2010)
shark (C. punctatum)	Cartilages	PSC	104	51	43	1	77	317	7	7	94	19	25	27	12	13	110	41	24	3	25	204
Blacktip shark	Cartilages	ASC	119	54	42	1	77	317	8	7	91	19	25	27	14	14	105	30	21	3	26	196	(Kittiphattanabawon et al., 2010)
(C. limbatus)	Cartilages	PSC	118	54	43	1	77	316	8	8	91	20	26	26	14	13	106	31	22	3	26	197
Silvertip shark	Skeletal	PSC	133	49	45	4	76	320	9	0	49	21	29	29	13	14	106	38	25	7	25	156	(Jeevithan et al., 2014)
(C. albimarginatus)	Head bone	PSC	135	40	43	7	71	322	5	0	51	19	40	22	13	16	124	37	23	7	16	175

Recent Progress in Sustainable Fish Byproduct Utilization: Unveiling Fish Collagen as a Potential Wound Healing Agent

Figures & Tables

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

Figure 3.

Figure 4.

Extraction, yield, type, solubility, and colour of collagens derived from tropical marine fish sources

Optimisation methods for collagen derived from fish byproducts

FTIR spectra peak area of collagen derived from tropical marine fish byproducts

UV-vis, XRD, DSC and microstructural properties of collagen derived from tropical marine fish byproducts

Latest reports on wound healing treatment derived from fish collagens

In vitro studies on fish collagens and other components towards skin wound repair

Amino acid compositions of collagen derived from tropical marine fish byproducts

Paradigm

My account