References
- Abbas M.T., Arif M., Saeed M., Reyad-ul-ferdous M., Hassan M.A., Arain M.A., Rehman A. (2016). Emulsifier effect on fat utilization in broiler chicken. Asian J. Anim. Vet. Adv., 11: 158–167.10.3923/ajava.2016.158.167
- Abd El Rauof M.A. (2007). Use of emulsifiers in high fat level diets of broilers; theses of doctor of philosophy in agricultural sciences (animal production and poultry nutrition). 2007, pp. 235.
- Cho J.H., Zhao P.Y., Kim I.H. (2012). Effects of emulsifier and multi-enzyme in different energy density diet on growth performance, blood profiles and relative organ weight in broiler chickens. J. Agric. Sci., 4: 161–168.10.5539/jas.v4n10p161
- Dänicke S. (2001). Interaction between cereal identity and fat quality and content in response to feed enzymes in broilers. In: Enzymes in Farm Animal Nutrition, Bedford M.R., Partridge G.G. (eds). London, UK, pp. 199–236.10.1079/9780851993935.0199
- Dierick N.A., Decuypere J.A. (2004). Influence of lipase and/or emulsifier addition on the ileal and faecal nutrient digestibility in growing pigs fed diets containing 4% animal fat. J. Sci. Food Agr., 84: 1443–1450.10.1002/jsfa.1794
- Friedman H.I., Nylund B. (1980) Intestinal fat digestion, absorption, and transport. A review. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 33: 1108–1139.10.1093/ajcn/33.5.1108
- Guerreiro Neto A.C., Pezzato A.C., Sartori J.R., Mori C., Cruz V.C., Fascina V.B., Pinheiro D.F., Madeira L.A., Goncalvez J.C. (2011). Emulsifier in broiler diets containing different fat sources. Braz. J. Poult. Sci., 13: 119–125.10.1590/S1516-635X2011000200006
- Hill F.W., Anderson D.L., Renner R., Carew Jr.L.B. (1960). Studies on the metabolizable energy of grain and grain products for chickens. Poultry Sci., 39: 573–579.10.3382/ps.0390573
- Hybrid Turkeys(2016). Commercial management guide. Converter commercial females performance goals. http://www.hybridturkeys.com.
- Jones D.B., Hancock J.D., Harmon D.L., Walker C.E. (1992). Effects of exogenous emulsifiers and fat sources on nutrient digestibility, serum lipids and growth performance in weanling pigs. J. Anim. Sci., 70: 3473–3482.10.2527/1992.70113473x
- Kaczmarek S.A., Bochenek M., Samuelsson A.C., Rutkowski A. (2015). Effects of glyceryl polyethylene glycol ricinoleate on nutrient utilization and performance of broiler chickens. Arch. Anim. Nutr., 69: 285–296.10.1080/1745039X.2015.1061722
- Ketels E., De Groote G. (1989). Effect of ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids of the dietary lipid fraction on utilization and metabolizable energy of added fats in young chicks. Poultry Sci., 68: 1506–1512.10.3382/ps.0681506
- Krogdahl A. (1985). Digestion and absorption of lipids in poultry. J. Nutr., 115: 675–685.10.1093/jn/115.5.675
- Krogdahl A., Sell J.L. (1989). Influence of age on lipase, amylase and protease activities in pancreatic tissue and intestinal contents of young turkeys. Poultry Sci., 68: 1561–1568.10.3382/ps.0681561
- Lima A.C.F., Pizauro J.M.Jr., Macari M., Malheiros E.B. (2003). Efeito do uso de probiótico sobre o desempenho e atividate de enzimas digestivas de frangos de corte. R. Bras. Zootec., 32: 200–207.10.1590/S1516-35982003000100025
- Maertens L., Seghers L., Rovers M., Leleu S., Vander Aa A. (2013). The effect of different emulsifiers on fat and energy digestibility in broilers. Proc. 19th Europ. Symp. Poult. Nut., Potsdam, Germany, 26–29.08.2013, pp: 1–4.
- Maiorka A., da Silva A.V.F., Santin E., Pizauro J.M.Jr., Macari M. (2004). Broiler breeder age and dietary energy level on performance and pancreas lipase and trypsin activities of 7-days old chicks. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 3: 234–237.10.3923/ijps.2004.234.237
- Maisonnier S., Gomez J., Bree A., Berri C., Baeza E., Carre B. (2003). Effect of micro-flora status, dietary bile salts and guar gum on lipid digestibility, intestinal bile salts and histomorphology in broiler chickens. Poultry Sci., 82: 805–814.10.1093/ps/82.5.805
- Mathlouthi N., Lalles J.P., Leclercq P., Juste C., Larbier M. (2002). Xylanase and β-glucanase supplementation improve conjugated bile acid fraction in intestinal contents and increase villus size of small intestine wall in broiler chickens fed a rye-based diet. J. Anim. Sci., 80: 2773–2779.10.2527/2002.80112773x
- Meng X., Slominski B.A., Guenter W. (2004). The effect of fat type, carbohydrase, and lipase addition on growth performance and nutrient utilization of young broilers fed wheat-based diets. Poultry Sci., 83: 1718–1727.10.1093/ps/83.10.1718
- Mossab A., Hallouis J.M., Lessire M. (2000). Utilization of soybean oil and tallow in young turkeys compared with young chickens. Poultry Sci., 79: 1326–1331.10.1093/ps/79.9.1326
- Naumann K., Bassler R. (2004). Methodenbuch Band III: Die chemische Untersuchung von Futtermitteln. Neumann-Neudamm, Melsungen, Germany.
- Nir I., Nitsan Z., Mahagua M. (1993). Comparative growth and development of the digestive organs and some enzymes in broiler and egg type chicks after hatching. Brit. Poultry Sci., 34: 523–532.10.1080/00071669308417607
- Parsaie S., Shariatmadari F., Zamiri M.J., Khajeh K. (2007). Influence of wheat-based diets supplemented with xylanase, bile acid and antibiotics on performance, digestive tract measurements and gut morphology of broilers compared with a maize-based diet. Brit. Poultry Sci., 48: 594–600.10.1080/00071660701615788
- Polin D. (1980). Increased absorption of tallow with lecithin. Poultry Sci., 59: 1652.10.3382/ps.0592738
- Roy A., Haldar S., Ghosh T.P. (2008). Nutritional emulsifiers: An innovative approach to enhance productivity. Asian Poultry Mag., 8: 36–39.
- Roy A., Haldar S., Mondal S., Ghosh T.P. (2010). Effects of supplemental exogenous emulsifier on performance, nutrient metabolism and serum lipid profile in broiler chickens. Vet. Med. Int., Article ID 262604, 9 pages.10.4061/2010/262604291045620671938
- Sell J.L., Krogdhal A., Hanyu N. (1986). Influence of age on supplemental fats by young turkeys. Poultry Sci., 65: 546–554.10.3382/ps.0650546
- Sklan D. (2001). Development of the digestive tract of poultry. World. Poultry Sci. J., 57: 415–428.10.1079/WPS20010030
- Wang J.P., Zhang Z.F., Yan L., Kim I.H. (2016). Effect of dietary supplementation of emulsifier and carbohydrase on the growth performance, serum cholesterol and breast meat fatty acids profile of broiler chickens. Anim. Sci. J., 87: 250–256.10.1111/asj.12412
- Whitehead C.C., Fisher C. (1975). The utilisation of various fats by turkeys of different ages. Brit. Poultry Sci., 16: 481–485.10.1080/00071667508416216
- Zaefarian F., Romero L.F., Ravindran V. (2015). Influence of high dose of phytase and an emulsifier on performance, apparent metabolizable energy and nitrogen retention in broilers fed on diets containing soy oil or tallow. Brit. Poultry Sci., 56: 590–597.10.1080/00071668.2015.1067878
- Zhang B., Haitao L., Zhao D., Guo Y., Barri A. (2011). Effect of fat type and lysophosphatidylcholine addition to broiler diets on performance, apparent digestibility of fatty acids, and apparent metabolizable energy content. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 163: 177–184.10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2010.10.004