Fig. 1.
Hybrid LSTM-EKF architecture for SOC estimation
Fig. 2.
Experimental voltage, current, temperature and SoC profiles of a lithium-ion battery cell during the discharge process
Fig. 3.
Training and validation loss for LSTM Model
Fig. 4.
Evolution of the adaptive fusion factor (αk)
Fig. 5.
SoC Estimation results using LSTM, BiLSTM, LSTM-Attention, EKF and LSTM-EKF
Fig. 6.
Comparison of RMSE and MAE for different SoC estimation methods