Fig. 1.
![Multiplex FunCub Airplane [23]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/694828ee7c29e05adc524c36/j_ama-2025-0076_fig_001.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKPGJPWU5T%2F20260209%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260209T112129Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEML%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJIMEYCIQD8QCZfc2NSYVlpPYIDFgOelRXL9wM6W3NOJJibYJKWpwIhALaeMExJ5%2BMpo%2B2krm8J8GKgy%2BH5qiyK9J12lJN668qFKsUFCIv%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEQAhoMOTYzMTM0Mjg5OTQwIgyKhjgpu%2Bigq1tdROUqmQWXOm%2F70a6HzAiwfSJteyj1jVp7YCgnJejH6A4YWp9vg1eAcV1KaHAkLKW96PPM%2ByTUgE%2BJz8YPIhA%2BODPPFaoSQ0QrPJLrC0TlUVPAqipJIB1JVLJz4Zr3tjBNc6BBAak%2Fk2RrP04Sfsh9lvi7Nw7XkGscG2buIblE2Qh2X%2BdCHzO3UJiIOteiiHbI99WtPuKt0WgmmEJjWgxo4Vq9P%2FhhISld9QM6e%2FZRe8GvHhmOygTGxGr%2FlkQgQehlfLX7InzT%2Fgpufij8PNZ73bVjy%2FWySpX6fZjRbSzWffS%2Bs97qOCCnsmjhUdRQEFz9U7aDae7bELcqL2u%2FWRpoR3VAH5fM0n7a8lX%2Bu8UCoNg%2F%2BDE5d03IUAO%2FZ2BU9GkPGX%2B3XTZ3QBQAyl4NUwuVi7Br783mGWkZVyiPd1mPXzUo4O6tmlmM%2B5aRIr6HKPJ0N98ryl2U%2F5rWynr1RRX1b0vFhM%2FvQAhngFSdhm%2Fv7ykB3K%2FfVReiyrm5JRle16NB0bfn3Jo8T358E7P66tGRdvl%2B2XHbDfSl6PVbEyrsktkDupczCsMvun5o4L1Ly3ENIXOCixWKCW1m6B3W25N7ikO56GjxTg5gyszBzkTL7gnSpFomswutPjkGWcq0VzmcFWsvYUxFE52aXxPDxcZfofhEx3J7zhaMbMf5D6u2wJDsA08tGlG9fZ1UXvUOdTfmMqELr3G229EBkbM7OSxYaMU%2BmD53kTdNCZ95MQfELUSqVkki6F3o53EqaINXFIB1tJAQS0xgq6fkrjnHlo77SDVAyZ1TTSB9MPoB5ov4xsDzA71QSYp89Myd9oTZRy8AZD2FJGhCrFxMdqPhSxL1xrAHKhDz6YJX6cMa8PVK9Nq8LOsMsfYXTlLAnMk19jDz2qbMBjqwAcyfGCG3jNOwrQMMwJIIyZdGH%2FOgpx%2FDT0iFA4HfMJ2AVkmVQ6KdIsO1pRKVearnoFi0Ok6kt9hiNKATSW7MOvhXAp%2BSiktlZaCh9%2FQnnfoirKsMQ0oWCLeexsFGlfqAXX911tOpf3I%2B9HDtceZ5ATMehoVScEqtiLsBkY4FsMUItCXKo21g%2Bb2BF5mhAYsqlwbB9FbVf7AAEuuo3%2BX3ROfXeeLefRdKwA9fXBD9F7sN&X-Amz-Signature=f66bb57f0795020ac2369259ad443a5432a09d8805cfdd7f95a7fefcf7d9f984&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 2.

Fig. 3.

Fig. 4.

Fig. 5.

Fig. 6.
![Schematic of Output Error Method [8]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/694828ee7c29e05adc524c36/j_ama-2025-0076_fig_006.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKPGJPWU5T%2F20260209%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260209T112129Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEML%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJIMEYCIQD8QCZfc2NSYVlpPYIDFgOelRXL9wM6W3NOJJibYJKWpwIhALaeMExJ5%2BMpo%2B2krm8J8GKgy%2BH5qiyK9J12lJN668qFKsUFCIv%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEQAhoMOTYzMTM0Mjg5OTQwIgyKhjgpu%2Bigq1tdROUqmQWXOm%2F70a6HzAiwfSJteyj1jVp7YCgnJejH6A4YWp9vg1eAcV1KaHAkLKW96PPM%2ByTUgE%2BJz8YPIhA%2BODPPFaoSQ0QrPJLrC0TlUVPAqipJIB1JVLJz4Zr3tjBNc6BBAak%2Fk2RrP04Sfsh9lvi7Nw7XkGscG2buIblE2Qh2X%2BdCHzO3UJiIOteiiHbI99WtPuKt0WgmmEJjWgxo4Vq9P%2FhhISld9QM6e%2FZRe8GvHhmOygTGxGr%2FlkQgQehlfLX7InzT%2Fgpufij8PNZ73bVjy%2FWySpX6fZjRbSzWffS%2Bs97qOCCnsmjhUdRQEFz9U7aDae7bELcqL2u%2FWRpoR3VAH5fM0n7a8lX%2Bu8UCoNg%2F%2BDE5d03IUAO%2FZ2BU9GkPGX%2B3XTZ3QBQAyl4NUwuVi7Br783mGWkZVyiPd1mPXzUo4O6tmlmM%2B5aRIr6HKPJ0N98ryl2U%2F5rWynr1RRX1b0vFhM%2FvQAhngFSdhm%2Fv7ykB3K%2FfVReiyrm5JRle16NB0bfn3Jo8T358E7P66tGRdvl%2B2XHbDfSl6PVbEyrsktkDupczCsMvun5o4L1Ly3ENIXOCixWKCW1m6B3W25N7ikO56GjxTg5gyszBzkTL7gnSpFomswutPjkGWcq0VzmcFWsvYUxFE52aXxPDxcZfofhEx3J7zhaMbMf5D6u2wJDsA08tGlG9fZ1UXvUOdTfmMqELr3G229EBkbM7OSxYaMU%2BmD53kTdNCZ95MQfELUSqVkki6F3o53EqaINXFIB1tJAQS0xgq6fkrjnHlo77SDVAyZ1TTSB9MPoB5ov4xsDzA71QSYp89Myd9oTZRy8AZD2FJGhCrFxMdqPhSxL1xrAHKhDz6YJX6cMa8PVK9Nq8LOsMsfYXTlLAnMk19jDz2qbMBjqwAcyfGCG3jNOwrQMMwJIIyZdGH%2FOgpx%2FDT0iFA4HfMJ2AVkmVQ6KdIsO1pRKVearnoFi0Ok6kt9hiNKATSW7MOvhXAp%2BSiktlZaCh9%2FQnnfoirKsMQ0oWCLeexsFGlfqAXX911tOpf3I%2B9HDtceZ5ATMehoVScEqtiLsBkY4FsMUItCXKo21g%2Bb2BF5mhAYsqlwbB9FbVf7AAEuuo3%2BX3ROfXeeLefRdKwA9fXBD9F7sN&X-Amz-Signature=5e08c57426d693ccf1bd1fae07466932d869b9a0a9008b66d435e1ea380fbb85&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 7.

Fig. 8.

Fig. 9.

Fig. 10.

Fig. 11.

Aerodynamic non-dimensional coefficients
| ID | Par. | Value | ID | Par. | Vale | ID | Par. | Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | CD0 | 0.0177 | 5 | CLV | -0.0025 | 9 | Cmα | -1.6173 |
| 2 | CDv | 0.0136 | 6 | CLα | 4.2305 | 10 | Cmq | -8.0193 |
| 3 | CDα | 0.1223 | 7 | Cm0 | 0.0446 | 11 | Cmδe | -1.4830 |
| 4 | CL0 | 0.1518 | 8 | CmV | -0.0092 |
Aerodynamic non-dimensional coefficients comparison
| ID | Parameter | Estimated value OEM | Relative error OEM | Estimated value ANNs | Relative error ANNs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | CD0 | 0.0176 | 0.62% | 0.018 | 0.56% |
| 2 | CDV | 0.0131 | 4.04% | 0.013 | 2.94% |
| 3 | CDα | 0.1217 | 0.50% | 0.123 | 0.25% |
| 4 | CL0 | 0.1524 | 0.42% | 0.153 | 0.46% |
| 5 | CLV | -0.0035 | 40.80% | -0.003 | 24.00% |
| 6 | CLα | 4.2509 | 0.48% | 4.233 | 0.05% |
| 7 | Cm0 | 0.0443 | 0.61% | 0.045 | 1.12% |
| 8 | CmV | -0.0095 | 2.83% | -0.010 | 10.87% |
| 9 | Cmα | -1.5681 | 3.04% | -1.619 | 0.09% |
| 10 | Cmq | -6.9714 | 13.07% | -7.923 | 1.20% |
| 11 | Cmδe | -1.4163 | 4.50% | -1.492 | 0.61% |