Have a personal or library account? Click to login
Influence of Commercial Additives and y-Irradiation on Structural and Mechanical Properties of rHDPE/rGFRP Cover

Influence of Commercial Additives and y-Irradiation on Structural and Mechanical Properties of rHDPE/rGFRP

Acta Mechanica et Automatica
Volume 19 (2025): Issue 3 (September 2025)
By: Maciej Jan SPYCHAŁA,  Danuta MIEDZIŃSKA,  Grzegorz SŁAWIŃSKI,  Dorota GAJDA,  Paulina LATKO-DURAŁEK,  Anna CZAJKA-WAROWNA and  Tomasz SZREDER  
Open Access
|Sep 2025

Figures & Tables

Fig. 1.

Geometry of injected specimens to mechanical and radiation tests
Geometry of injected specimens to mechanical and radiation tests

Fig. 2.

a)Gamma Chamber 5000 equipment; b) schematic of radioactive decay of 60Co
a)Gamma Chamber 5000 equipment; b) schematic of radioactive decay of 60Co

Fig. 3.

Mechanical parameters of rHDPE/rGFRP material with additives described below the chart: a) tensile modulus; b) tensile strength; c) offset yield strength
Mechanical parameters of rHDPE/rGFRP material with additives described below the chart: a) tensile modulus; b) tensile strength; c) offset yield strength

Fig. 4.

Surface of the materials rHDPE/rGFRP 40%: a) without additives; b) 3S; c) 3MAH
Surface of the materials rHDPE/rGFRP 40%: a) without additives; b) 3S; c) 3MAH

Fig. 5.

SEM images of the composite material with additives: a) rHDPE; b) rHDPE/rGFRP; c) 0.2P; d) 0.5P; e) 1S; f) 2S; g) 1MAH; h) 2MAH; i) 3MAH
SEM images of the composite material with additives: a) rHDPE; b) rHDPE/rGFRP; c) 0.2P; d) 0.5P; e) 1S; f) 2S; g) 1MAH; h) 2MAH; i) 3MAH

Fig. 6.

SEM images of the composite material with additives close-up view on fibre: a) rHDPE; b) rHDPE/rGFRP; c) 0.2P; d) 0.5P; e) 1S; f) 2S; g) 1MAH; h) 2MAH; i) 3MAH
SEM images of the composite material with additives close-up view on fibre: a) rHDPE; b) rHDPE/rGFRP; c) 0.2P; d) 0.5P; e) 1S; f) 2S; g) 1MAH; h) 2MAH; i) 3MAH

Fig. 7.

Optical microscope images of the composite material: a) rHDPE/rGFRP; b) 0.2P; c)0.5P; d) 0.3S; e) 1S; f) 2S; g) 1MAH; h) 2MAH; i) 3MAH
Optical microscope images of the composite material: a) rHDPE/rGFRP; b) 0.2P; c)0.5P; d) 0.3S; e) 1S; f) 2S; g) 1MAH; h) 2MAH; i) 3MAH

Fig. 8.

Mechanical parameters of irradiated specimens: a) tensile modulus of irradiated materials; b) offset yield strength; c) strain at tensile strength
Mechanical parameters of irradiated specimens: a) tensile modulus of irradiated materials; b) offset yield strength; c) strain at tensile strength

Fig. 9.

Engineering stress-strain relationship for non-irradiated (rHDPE/rGFRP and rHDPE) and irradiated samples (A40-A100 and B40-B100).
Engineering stress-strain relationship for non-irradiated (rHDPE/rGFRP and rHDPE) and irradiated samples (A40-A100 and B40-B100).

Fig. 10.

The surface of irradiated specimens after the tensile test: a) macro view on the degraded surface; b) close-up view on fibres; c) close-up view on resin fragment on the surface of the rHDPE/rGFRP sample after the tensile test
The surface of irradiated specimens after the tensile test: a) macro view on the degraded surface; b) close-up view on fibres; c) close-up view on resin fragment on the surface of the rHDPE/rGFRP sample after the tensile test

Fig. 11.

Failure locations of specimens after the tensile test: a) rHDPE; b) B40; c) B60; d) B80; e) B100; f) A40; g) A60; h) A80; i) A100
Failure locations of specimens after the tensile test: a) rHDPE; b) B40; c) B60; d) B80; e) B100; f) A40; g) A60; h) A80; i) A100

Fig. 12.

a)2nd heating curves and b) cooling curve for analyzing composites before irradiation test
a)2nd heating curves and b) cooling curve for analyzing composites before irradiation test

Fig. 13.

a) 2nd heating curves and b) cooling curve for analyzing composites after irradiation test
a) 2nd heating curves and b) cooling curve for analyzing composites after irradiation test

DSC parameters of irradiated samples

Sample nameTm,°CTc,°CXc,%
rHDPE/rGFRP13611461.1
A4013411461.2
A6013311456.7
A8013211457.7
A10013511258.2
B013211864.1
B4013811155.8
B6013311455.5
B8013511253.7
B10013111453.9

DSC parameters determined for the rHDPE/rGFRP modified with various additives

Sample nameTm,°CTc,°CXc,%
rHDPE/rGFRP13611461.1
0.2P13511461.0
0.5P13711362.2
1MAH13611463.3
2MAH13711362.4
3MAH13511568.3
0.3S13611463.9
1S13611464.0
2S13611461.4

Sample description with commercial additives names and mass shares

AdditiveSample name rHDPE/rGFRP/x%abbrv.Additive concentration (wt%)
nonerHDPE/rGFRP0
IrgaCycle PS 032 G0.2P0.2
0.5P0.5
Licocene® PE MS 4311MAH1.0
2MAH2.0
3MAH3.0
SilmaLink AX22920.3S0.3
1S1.0
2S2.0

Radiation test samples names_

Material/Absorbed dose0 kGy40 kGy60 kGy80 kGy100 kGy
rHDPE/rGFRP 40%A0A40A60A80A100
rHDPEB0B40B60B80B100
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/ama-2025-0042 | Journal eISSN: 2300-5319 | Journal ISSN: 1898-4088
Journal RSS Feed
Language: English
Page range: 350 - 361
Submitted on: Feb 17, 2025
Accepted on: Jun 6, 2025
Published on: Sep 5, 2025
Published by: Bialystok University of Technology
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year
Keywords:
circular economy,
recycled polyethylene,
post-consumer GFRP,
γ-irradiated polymers,
tensile properties,
microstructure
Related subjects:
Engineering,
Electrical engineering,
Electronics,
Mechanical engineering,
Mechanics,
Bioengineering and biomedical engineering,
Biomechanics,
Civil engineering,
Environmental engineering

© 2025 Maciej Jan SPYCHAŁA, Danuta MIEDZIŃSKA, Grzegorz SŁAWIŃSKI, Dorota GAJDA, Paulina LATKO-DURAŁEK, Anna CZAJKA-WAROWNA, Tomasz SZREDER, published by Bialystok University of Technology
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

Previous articleVolume 19 (2025): Issue 3 (September 2025)Next article