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Sustainable Innovations: Mechanical and Tribological Advancements in Carbon and Kevlar Reinforced Epoxy Composites Cover

Sustainable Innovations: Mechanical and Tribological Advancements in Carbon and Kevlar Reinforced Epoxy Composites

Open Access
|Jun 2025

Figures & Tables

Fig. 1.

Martindale abrasion tester
Martindale abrasion tester

Fig. 2.

Kevlar and Carbon fabrics samples after cutting in 80mm diameter from fabrics and in holders before test
Kevlar and Carbon fabrics samples after cutting in 80mm diameter from fabrics and in holders before test

Fig. 3.

Average results of Tensile strength in dry and wet cases for: a) Kevlar fabric, b) Carbon
Average results of Tensile strength in dry and wet cases for: a) Kevlar fabric, b) Carbon

Fig. 4.

Average mechanical properties for (Kevlar/Epoxy, Carbon/Epoxy, and K-C hybrid/Epoxy) in warp and weft directions for; a) Tensile strength, b) Young’s modulus
Average mechanical properties for (Kevlar/Epoxy, Carbon/Epoxy, and K-C hybrid/Epoxy) in warp and weft directions for; a) Tensile strength, b) Young’s modulus

Fig. 5.

Stress-Strain curve composites in warp and weft directions of: a) Kevlar/epoxy, b) Carbon/epoxy and c) Kevlar – Carbon/epoxy
Stress-Strain curve composites in warp and weft directions of: a) Kevlar/epoxy, b) Carbon/epoxy and c) Kevlar – Carbon/epoxy

Fig. 6.

The failures of the composite; a) (Kevlar/Epoxy, Carbon/Epoxy, and K-C hybrid/Epoxy), b) Kevlar fabric against sandpapers, c) Carbon fabric against sandpapers in warp and weft directions
The failures of the composite; a) (Kevlar/Epoxy, Carbon/Epoxy, and K-C hybrid/Epoxy), b) Kevlar fabric against sandpapers, c) Carbon fabric against sandpapers in warp and weft directions

Fig. 7.

The failure modes before and after 75 abrasion cycles for a) Kevlar dry, b) Kevlar pure water, c) Kevlar sweat, b) carbon dry, e) carbon pure water, f) carbon sweat
The failure modes before and after 75 abrasion cycles for a) Kevlar dry, b) Kevlar pure water, c) Kevlar sweat, b) carbon dry, e) carbon pure water, f) carbon sweat

Average results of Tensile test for Kevlar and Carbon fabric on different conditions

for (Kevlar/Epoxy, Carbon/Epoxy, and K-C hybrid/Epoxy) in warp and weft directions
CodeThickness (mm)Max Strain %Tensile strength (MPa)Fmax (kN)E-Mod (GPa)
K (warp)2.254.03358.6319.728.39
K (weft)2.134.56341.2818.206.77
C (warp)2.302.09391.8523.1321.64
C (weft)2.371.65333.6819.1322.20
KC (warp)2.172.31372.0420.0616.07
KC (weft)2.301.84238.9713.7311.96
for both directions (warp & weft) for each composite (Kevlar/Epoxy, Carbon/Epoxy, and K-C hybrid/Epoxy)
K2.194.30349.9518.967.58
C2.331.87362.7721.1321.92
KC2.232.08305.5116.8914.01

Average results for Abrasion test samples in different conditions

in Dry case for Kevlar and Carbon fabrics
CyclesP500P1000P1200
Fabric codeMass before (g)Mass after (g)%Fabric codeMass before (g)Mass af-%Fabric codeMass before (g)Mass after (g)%
25S110.9970.23S410.9980.16S710.9990.03
50S210.9960.36S510.9970.26S810.9980.13
75S310.9950.43S610.9960.33S910.9970.23
25C110.9960.33C410.9980.20C710.9980.16
50C210.9950.50C510.99700.30C810.99800.20
75C310.9940.56C610.99630.36C910.99670.33
with pure water case for Kevlar and Carbon fabrics
25S101.8291.820.60S131.831.820.38S161.8281.8260.1094
50S111.8291.820.77S141.831.820.55S171.8281.8240.22
75S121.8281.810.88S151.831.820.66S181.8281.8210.38
25C101.6821.670.77C131.681.670.54C161.6821.6790.18
50C111.6821.670.95C141.681.670.71C171.6821.6750.42
75C121.6821.661.07C151.681.670.89C181.6821.6720.59
sweat simulation case for Kevlar and Carbon fabrics
25S191.8411.8290.6518S221.8411.8330.4346S251.8411.8370.2173
50S201.8391.8240.8157S231.8411.8290.6518S261.8401.8340.3261
75S211.8411.8230.9777S241.8411.8270.7605S271.8411.8320.4889
25C191.6981.6830.8834C221.6981.6880.5890C251.6981.6930.2945
50C201.6981.6811.0012C231.6971.6840.7661C261.6981.6890.5300
75C211.6981.6791.1190C241.6981.6820.9423C271.6981.6860.7067
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/ama-2025-0038 | Journal eISSN: 2300-5319 | Journal ISSN: 1898-4088
Language: English
Page range: 309 - 317
Submitted on: Jan 20, 2025
Accepted on: Apr 23, 2025
Published on: Jun 30, 2025
Published by: Bialystok University of Technology
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year

© 2025 Mohamed K. HASSAN, Muneef H. ALAMERI, Sufyan AZAM, Somia M.S. ALFATIH, Mohammed Y. ABDELLAH, published by Bialystok University of Technology
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.