Tab. 1
Probiotics – mechanisms of action, authors’ own elaboration based on (Latif et al. 2024)
| Probiotics and other pathogens | - competitive exclusions of pathogenic bacteria through taking over nutriens and place for adherence to gut mucosa |
| - production of anti-microbial substances (SCFA, organic acids, hydrogen peroxide and bacteriocins) | |
| Improvements in epithelial barrier functions | - stimulating gut mucosa to produce more mucin proteins |
| - stimulating expression of thight junction proteins which prevents translocation of bacteria into the blood | |
| Regulation of immune system in the human body | - modulating responses of dendritic cells, macrophages and T lymphocytes |
| - increasing production of anti-inflamatory cytokines by interacting with epithelial cells | |
| Production of neurotransmitters | - influencing levels of serotonin, dopamine and GABA transmitters in the gut-brain axis |