Diagram of the synthesis of polyurethanes and their application in medical devices.
Fig. 2.
Biofilm formation by S. aureus, S. epidermidis and P. aeruginosa on polyurethane surfaces. Images were obtained by this paper authors using a conventional scanning electron microscope (SEM) protocol at 10,000× magnification.
Fig. 3.
Stages of bacterial biofilm formation on polyurethane medical devices: stage I – Initial attachment, stage II – Biofilm accumulation, stage III Biofilm maturation, stage IV – Dispersion of biofilms.
Fig. 4.
Methods applied for the surface treatment of polyurethane polymers: a) Laser Surface Texturing, b) Nanoparticle Grafting, c) Cold spraying metallization, d) Ion Implantation, e) Low-temperature plasma, f) Biodegradable and biocompatible polyurethanes.