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Herd-Trained Immunity: A Hidden Component of Population-Level Innate Immunity Cover

Herd-Trained Immunity: A Hidden Component of Population-Level Innate Immunity

Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis
Volume 74 (2026): Issue 1 (January 2026)
By:   
Open Access
|Jun 2026
Figures & tables

Figures & Tables

Fig 1.

Timeline of S. pyogenes (GAS)—scarlet fever infections in Poland (2018–2025) the figure shows annual scarlet fever incidence in relation to the COVID-19 lockdown period (March 2020–May 2022). Reduced microbial exposure during lockdown is associated with a gap in trained immunity (2020–2022), a decline in incidence, and subsequent re-establishment of herd-trained immunity (HTI, green line) in 2023–2025, expressed relative to the pre-2020 baseline (100%). Scarlet fever incidence (new cases per year) is shown in bars. Data source: PZH, 30 March 2026. GAS, group A Streptococcal; HTI, herd-trained immunity; pre-2020, pre-pandemic.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/aite-2026-0017 | Journal eISSN: 1661-4917
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Language: English
Submitted on: Apr 10, 2026
Accepted on: Apr 23, 2026
Published on: Jun 22, 2026
Published by: Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 issue per year
Related subjects:
Medicine,
Basic medical science,
Biochemistry,
Immunology,
Clinical medicine,
Clinical medicine, other,
Clinical chemistry

© 2026 Janusz Marcinkiewicz, published by Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

Volume 74 (2026): Issue 1 (January 2026)
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