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Growing Challenges of Lung Infections with Non-tuberculous Mycobacteria in Immunocompromised Patients: Epidemiology and Treatment Cover

Growing Challenges of Lung Infections with Non-tuberculous Mycobacteria in Immunocompromised Patients: Epidemiology and Treatment

Open Access
|Mar 2025

Figures & Tables

Fig 1.

Risk factors contributing to NTM infections. The risk factors for NTM infection can be broadly categorized into environmental exposures, underlying health conditions, lifestyle factors, and certain procedural or occupational hazards. CGD, chronic granulomatous disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; GvH, graft versus host; IFN, interferon; IL, interleukin; NTM, non-tuberculous mycobacteria; SCID, severe combined immunodeficiency.
Risk factors contributing to NTM infections. The risk factors for NTM infection can be broadly categorized into environmental exposures, underlying health conditions, lifestyle factors, and certain procedural or occupational hazards. CGD, chronic granulomatous disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; GvH, graft versus host; IFN, interferon; IL, interleukin; NTM, non-tuberculous mycobacteria; SCID, severe combined immunodeficiency.

Fig 2.

Immune mechanisms accompanying mycobacterial infection. GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; IFN, interferon; IL, interleukin; MCAF, monocyte chemotactic and activating factor; MIF, migration inhibitory factor; RNS, reactive nitrogen species; ROS, reactive oxygen species; TNF, tumor necrosis factor.
Immune mechanisms accompanying mycobacterial infection. GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; IFN, interferon; IL, interleukin; MCAF, monocyte chemotactic and activating factor; MIF, migration inhibitory factor; RNS, reactive nitrogen species; ROS, reactive oxygen species; TNF, tumor necrosis factor.

Short characteristics of NTM groups [based on Runyon (1959); Herdman and Steele (2004); Salvana et al_ (2007); Abdalla et al_ (2009); Tortoli (2014); Koh (2017); Tortoli et al_ (2017); Sharma and Upadhyay (2020)]

ClassificationGrowth rateCharacteristicsCommon examples
Group 1Slow-growingPhotochromogenic: Develop pigment when exposed to light.Mycobacterium kansasii, Mycobacterium marinum
Group 2Slow-growingScotochromogenic: Produce pigment in both light and darkness.Mycobacterium scrofulaceum, Mycobacterium szulgai, Mycobacterium gordonae
Group 3Slow-growingNon-photochromogenic: Do not produce pigments.MAC, Mycobacterium ulcerans
Group 4Fast-growingMay or may not produce colored colonies.Mycobacterium fortuitum, Mycobacterium abscessus, Mycobacterium chelonae
Language: English
Submitted on: Oct 28, 2024
Accepted on: Jan 14, 2025
Published on: Mar 14, 2025
Published by: Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 issue per year

© 2025 Weronika Burzyńska, Marek Fol, Magdalena Druszczynska, published by Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.