Skip to main content
Have a personal or library account? Click to login
Forsythoside A attenuates metabolic dysfunction in type 2 diabetic mice by inhibiting the MAPK and activating the Nrf2 signalling pathways Cover

Forsythoside A attenuates metabolic dysfunction in type 2 diabetic mice by inhibiting the MAPK and activating the Nrf2 signalling pathways

By: Mengxian Shu and  Chunhui Xiang  
Open Access
|Mar 2026

References

  1. Lu X, Xie Q, Pan X, Zhang R, Zhang X, Peng G, Zhang Y, Shen S, Tong N. Type 2 diabetes mellitus in adults: pathogenesis, prevention and therapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024;9(1):262. doi: 10.1038/s41392-024-01951-9
  2. Gieroba B, Kryska A, Sroka-Bartnicka A. Type 2 diabetes mellitus – conventional therapies and future perspectives in innovative treatment. Biochem and Biophys Rep 2025;42:102037. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2025.102037
  3. Xie W, Zhao Y, Zhang Y. Traditional Chinese medicines in treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2011;2011:726723. doi: 10.1155/2011/726723
  4. Dong Z, Lu X, Tong X, Dong Y, Tang L, Liu M. Forsythiae Fructus: A review on its phytochemistry, quality control, pharmacology and pharmacokinetics. Molecules 2017;22(9):1466. doi: 10.3390/molecules22091466
  5. Zhang Y, Feng F, Chen T, Li Z, Shen QW. Antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic activities of Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl (fruit) in streptozotocin-induced diabetes mice. J Ethnopharmacol 2016;192:256–63. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.07.002
  6. Yang H-X, Liu Q-P, Zhou Y-X, Chen Y-Y, An P, Xing Y-Z, Zhang L, Jia M, Zhang H. Forsythiasides: A review of the pharmacological effects. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022;9:971491. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.971491
  7. Gong L, Wang C, Zhou H, Ma C, Zhang Y, Peng C, Li Y. A review of pharmacological and pharmacokinetic properties of Forsythiaside A. Pharmacol Res 2021;169:105690. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105690
  8. Quan X, Liu H, Ye D, Ding X, Su X. Forsythoside A alleviates high glucose-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in podocytes by inactivating MAPK signaling via MMP12 inhibition. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2021;14:1885–95. doi: 10.2147/DMSO.S305092
  9. Pan CW, Zhou GY, Chen WL, Zhuge L, Jin LX, Zheng Y, Lin W, Pan ZZ. Protective effect of forsythiaside A on lipopolysaccharide/D-galactosamine-induced liver injury. Int Immunopharmacol 2015;26:80–5. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.03.009
  10. Durruty P, Sanzana M, Sanhueza L. Pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. In: Siderova M, editor. Type 2 diabetes – from pathophysiology to modern management. London: IntechOpen; 2019. doi: 10.5772/intechopen.83692
  11. Lawan A, Bennett AM. Mitogen-activated protein kinase regulation in hepatic metabolism. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2017;28:868–78. doi: 10.1016/j.tem.2017.10.007
  12. Schultze S, Hemmings B, Niessen M, Tschopp O. PI3K/AKT, MAPK and AMPK signalling: protein kinases in glucose homeostasis. Expert Rev Molecul Med 2012;14:e1. doi: 10.1017/S1462399411002109
  13. Wang Z, Xia Q, Liu X, Liu W, Huang W, Mei X, Luo J, Shan M, Lin R, Zou D, Ma Z. Phytochemistry, pharmacology, quality control and future research of Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl: A review. J Ethnopharmacol 2018;210:318–39. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.08.040
  14. Capri KM, Maroni MJ, Deane HV, Concepcion HA, DeCourcey H, Logan RW, Seggio JA. Male C57BL6/N and C57BL6/J mice respond differently to constant light and running-wheel access. Front Behav Neurosci 2019;13:268. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00268
  15. Prasad M, Rajagopal P, Devarajan N, Veeraraghavan VP, Palanisamy CP, Cui B, Patil S, Selvaraj Jayaraman. A comprehensive review on high-fat diet-induced diabetes mellitus: an epigenetic view. J Nutr Biochem 2022;107:109037. doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2022.109037
  16. Matsui Y, Hirasawa Y, Sugiura T, Toyoshi T, Kyuki K, Ito M. Metformin reduces body weight gain and improves glucose intolerance in high-fat diet-fed C57BL/6J mice. Biol Pharm Bull 2010;33:963–70. doi: 10.1248/bpb.33.963
  17. Song C, Huang Y, Sa X, Wang L, Yao M, Jin Z, Sun Y, Ye M, Qiao X. Identification of forsythoside A from Forsythia fruit for alleviating MAFLD via metabolic remodeling and IL-17 pathway regulation. J Pharm Anal 2025;15(12):101321. doi: 10.1016/j.jpha.2025.101321
  18. Vega-Torres JD, Ontiveros-Angel P, Terrones E, Stuffle EC, Solak S, Tyner E, Oropeza M, Dela Peña I, Obenaus A, Ford BD, Figueroa JD. Short-term exposure to an obesogenic diet during adolescence elicits anxiety-related behavior and neuroinflammation: modulatory effects of exogenous neuregulin-1. Transl Psychiatry 2022;12:83. doi: 10.1038/s41398-022-01788-2
  19. Sun, H., A. Wang, and N. Shi. Apelin-13 protects against airway inflammation, oxidative stress, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in a chronic asthma model. Chem Biol Drug Des 2025;105:e70142. doi: 10.1111/cbdd.70142
  20. Liao Z, Zhang J, Liu B, Yan T, Xu F, Xiao F, Wu B, Bi K, Jia Y. Polysaccharide from okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench) improves antioxidant capacity via PI3K/AKT pathways and Nrf2 translocation in a type 2 diabetes model. Molecules 2019;24(10):1906. doi: 10.3390/molecules24101906
  21. Wang Y, Zhao H, Lin C, Ren J, Zhang S. Forsythiaside A exhibits anti-inflammatory effects in LPS-stimulated BV2 microglia cells through activation of Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. Neurochem Res 2016;41:659–65. doi: 10.1007/s11064-015-1731-x
  22. Huang C, Lin Y, Su H, Ye D. Forsythiaside protects against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in PC12 cell. Neurochem Res 2015;40:27–35. doi: 10.1007/s11064-014-1461-5
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/aiht-2026-77-4026 | Journal eISSN: 1848-6312 | Journal ISSN: 0004-1254
Language: English, Croatian, Slovenian
Page range: 21 - 27
Submitted on: Jul 1, 2025
Accepted on: Mar 1, 2026
Published on: Mar 30, 2026
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year

© 2026 Mengxian Shu, Chunhui Xiang, published by Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.