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Forsythoside A attenuates metabolic dysfunction in type 2 diabetic mice by inhibiting the MAPK and activating the Nrf2 signalling pathways Cover

Forsythoside A attenuates metabolic dysfunction in type 2 diabetic mice by inhibiting the MAPK and activating the Nrf2 signalling pathways

Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology
Volume 77 (2026): Issue 1 (March 2026)
By: Mengxian Shu and  Chunhui Xiang  
Open Access
|Mar 2026
Figures & tables

Figures & Tables

Figure 1

Chemical structure of forsythiaside A

Figure 2

Effects of forsythoside A administration on: A) fasting blood glucose; B) body weight; C) food intake; and D) water intake in diabetic mice. *** p<0.001 vs control. # p<0.05; ## p<0.01; ### p<0.001 vs DM. DM – diabetic mice; FA – forsythoside A; MET – metformin

Figure 3

Effects of forsythoside A administration on oxidative stress parameters in diabetic mice. ** p<0.01; *** p<0.001 vs control. # p<0.05, ## p<0.01, ### p<0.001 vs DM. DM – diabetic mice; FA – forsythoside A; MET – metformin

Figure 4

Changes in lipid accumulation in diabetic mice treated with forsythoside A. *** p<0.001 vs control. # p<0.05; ### p<0.001 vs DM. DM – diabetic mice; FA – forsythoside A; HDL – high-density lipoprotein; LDL – low-density lipoprotein; MET – metformin; TC – total cholesterol; TG – triglycerides

Figure 5

Histopathological changes in diabetic mice treated with forsythoside A vs control (200× magnification) visualised with A) HE staining showing focal necroses (circles) and mussy hepatic cords (arrows) and B) PAS staining showing hepatocyte glycogen accumulation (arrows). DM – diabetic mice; FA – forsythoside A; HE – haematoxylin and eosin; MET – metformin; PAS – periodic acid and Schiff

Figure 6

Forsythoside A-induced changes in A) serum insulin and B) p-IRS-1 expression in diabetic mice *** p<0.001 vs control. # p<0.05; ### p<0.001 vs DM. DM – diabetic mice; FA – forsythoside A; MET – metformin

Figure 7

Forsythoside A-mediated changes in MAPK and Nrf2 pathways in diabetic mice. *** p<0.001 vs control. # p<0.05; ### p<0.001 vs DM. DM – diabetic mice; FA – forsythoside A; MET – metformin
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/aiht-2026-77-4026 | Journal eISSN: 1848-6312 | Journal ISSN: 0004-1254
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Language: English, Croatian, Slovenian
Page range: 21 - 27
Submitted on: Jul 1, 2025
Accepted on: Mar 1, 2026
Published on: Mar 30, 2026
Published by: Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year
Keywords:
body weight,
catalase,
cholesterol,
glucose,
glutathione peroxidase,
HO-1,
insulin,
malondialdehyde,
metformin,
reactive oxygen species,
superoxide dismutase,
triglycerides
Related subjects:
Medicine,
Basic medical science,
Basic medical science, other

© 2026 Mengxian Shu, Chunhui Xiang, published by Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Volume 77 (2026): Issue 1 (March 2026)
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