Managing and monitoring indoor air quality and surface decontamination in healthcare environments

Cappelli, Giovanni; Rapi, Ilaria; Dugheri, Stefano; Fanfani, Niccolò; Traversini, Veronica; Baldassarre, Antonio; Korelidou, Anna; Mersel, Maali-Amel; Baravelli, Filippo; Louka, Marinos; Mucci, Nicola; Kourtella, Lina

doi:10.2478/aiht-2025-76-4013

Figures & Tables

Indoor contamination mitigation strategies in a hospital setting:1) Cleaning activities and products; 2) Sanitisation with automated devices; 3) Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI); 4) HVAC system; 5) Antimicrobial coatings; 6) Indoor air quality monitoring device; 7) Air purification unit

List of the indoor air quality monitoring devices with their main features

Ref.	Device	Measured parameters	Range	Portability	Configuration(dimension-mm)	Temporal data resolution	Remote management	Screen
(165)	Aranet4 Home SAF Tehnika, Riga, Latvia	CO₂, temp., RH %	CO₂ 0–18.0 g/m³ Temp. 0–50 °C RH % 0–85 %	High (battery)	Station (70×70×24)	<1 min	Yes (Bluetooth, app)	Yes
(166)	View Plus Airthings, Oslo, Norway	Radon, PM_2.5, CO₂, temp., RH %, VOC	Rad 0–20000 Bq/m³ CO₂ 0.72–9.0 g/m³ PM2.5 0–1000 μg/m³ Temp. 4–40 °C RH % 0–85 %	High (battery)	Station (170×90×33)	2.5–5 min	Yes (Wi-Fi, app)	Yes
(167)	Smart Indoor AQ Monitor Netatmo, Boulogne-Billancourt, France	CO₂, RH %, temp., Noise	CO₂ 0–9.0 g/m³ RH % 0–100 Temp. 0–50 °C Noise 35–120 db	Medium (power supply)	Station (45×45×155)	5 min	Yes (Wi-Fi, app)	No
(168)	Foobot Foobot, Paris, France	PM_2.5, TVOC, temp., RH %	PM_2.5 0–1300 μg/m³ Temp. 15–45 °C RH % 30–85 % TVOC 0.54–2.60 mg/m³	Medium (power supply)	Station (172×71)	5 min	Yes (Wi-Fi, app)	No
(169)	uHoo uHoo, Singapore	NO₂, O₃, NO₂, SO₂, HCHO, NH₃, H₂S, O₂, PM₁, PM_2.5, PM₄, PM₁₀, temp., RH %, CO₂, CO, TVOC, air pressure	Temp. 40–85 °C PM 0–1000 μg/m³ TVOC 0–260 mg/m³ CO₂ 0.72–18.0 g/m³ CO 0–1.15 g/m³ HCHO 0–2.46 mg/m³ NO₂ 0–9.42 mg/m³ O₃ 0–9.82 mg/m³ NH₃ 0–13.9 mg/m³ SO₂ 0–131 mg/m³ H₂S 0–139 mg/m³ O₂ 0–30 %	Medium (power supply)	Station (200×180×57)	1 min	Yes (Wi-Fi, app)	No
(170)	TSI IAQ TSI, Shoreview, MN, USA	CO₂, CO, NO₂, SO₂, O₃, HCHO, PM, temp., RH %, VOC	CO 0–1.15 g/m³ NO₂ 0–37.7 mg/m³ SO₂ 0–52.4 mg/m³ O₃ 0–19.6 mg/m³ VOC 0–1885 μg/m³ Temp. 0–60 °C RH % 0–100 % CO₂ 0–3.61 g/m³ HCHO 0–1.23 mg/m³ PM 0–1000 μg/m³	Medium (power supply)	Station (84×178×44)	1 sec	Yes (PC or app)	Yes
(171)	Ethera NEMo Ethera, Crolles, France	HCHO, CO₂, LVOC, temp., RH %, air, pressure, NO₂, O₃, PM_1/2.5/10	HCHO 0–0.025 mg/m³ CO₂ 0–9.0 g/m³ LVOC 0.13–21.7 mg/m³ Temp. 55–125 °C RH % 0–99 % PM 0–1000 μg/m³	High (battery)	Station (180×120×65)	10 min	Yes (app)	No
(172)	airbeld™ Embio Diagnostics, Nicosia, Cyprus	Temp., RH %, CO₂, PM_1/2.5/4/10, VOC, NO_×	Temp. 10–50 °C RH % 0–90 % NO_× 0–942 mg/m³ VOC 0–2.17 g/m³ CO₂ 0–0.90 g/m³ PM 0–1000 μg/m³	Medium (power supply)	Station (117×112×39)	1 sec	Yes (Wi-Fi, app)	No
(134)	Corvus IAQ Monitor ION Science Ltd, Royston, UK	VOC, temp., RH %	VOC 0–0.217 g/m³ Temp. −40–125 °C RH % 0–99 %	Medium (power supply)	Station (68×176×123)	1 min	Yes	No
(173)	PCE-AQD 20 Capannori, Italy	CO₂, temp., RH %	CO₂ 0–72.1 g/m³ Temp. 0–50 °C RH % 0–80 %	High (battery and power supply)	Station (130×90×40)	<5 sec	No app, datalogging	Yes
(174)	Airthings for Business-Space Pro Airthing, Oslo, Norway	CO₂, Temp., RH %, VOC, PM_2.5, radon, virus	CO₂ 0.72–9.0 g/m³ PM2.5 1–1000 μg/m³ VOC 0–43.4 mg/m³ Temp. 4–40 °C RH % 0–85 %	High (battery and power supply)	Station (170×90×33)	<5 sec	Yes (app)	Yes
(175)	AirVisual Pro IQAir, Goldach, Switzerland	PM, temp., RH %, CO₂	PM 0–1000 μg/m³ Temp. −40–90 °C RH % 0–100 % CO₂ 0.72–18.0 g/m³	High (battery)	Station (82×184×100)	<5 sec	Yes (app)	Yes
(176)	Atmotube Pro Atmotube, San Francisco, CA, USA	TVOC, temp., RH % PM	TVOC 0–260 mg/m³ PM 0–1000 μg/m³ Temp. 0–65 °C RH % 0–100 %	High (battery)	Station/Wearable (86×50×22)	1 min	Yes (app)	No
(166)	Airbird Airbird, Copenhagen, Denmark	CO₂, temp., RH %	CO₂ 0–9.0 g/m³ Temp. 10–60 °C RH % 0–100 %	High (battery)	Station (229.5×99.5×95)	10 min	Yes (app)	No
(177)	HALO 3C Smart Sensor HALO Smart Sensors IPVideo, Bay Shore, NY, USA	CO₂, TVOC, PM, temp., RH %	CO₂ 0.72–18.0 g/m³ TVOC 0–43.4 mg/m³ PM2.5 0–1.000 μg/m³ Temp. 10–60 °C RH % 0–100 %	Medium (power supply)	Station (127×43)	<5 sec	Yes (app)	No
(166)	Awair Element – Omni Awair, San Francisco, CA, USA	CO₂, TVOC, PM_2.5, temp., RH %	PM2.5 0–1.000 μg/m³ CO₂ 0.72–9.0 g/m³ TVOC 0–26.0 mg/m³ Temp. 10–50 °C RH % 0–100 %	Medium (power supply)	Station (160×90×40 – 98×98×34)	Seconds	Yes (app)	No
(166)	Eve Room Eve Systems GmbH, Munich, Germany	TVOC, temp., RH %	TVOC 0–260 mg/m³ Temp. 0–50 °C RH % 0–100 %	High (battery)	Station (54×54×15)	Seconds	Yes (app)	Yes
(178)	Blueair Aware Blueair, Stockholm, Sweden	PM_2.5, VOC, CO₂	PM2.5 0–1.000 μg/m³ TVOC 0–43.4 mg/m³ CO₂ 0.72–18.0 g/m³	Medium (power supply)	Station (170×100×100)	Seconds	Yes (app)	No
(179)	QP Pro 2 Air Quality Monitor SmartAir, Bejing	PM, VOC, CO₂, Temp., RH %, noise	Temp. 10–60 °C RH % 0–100 % CO₂ 0.72–18.0 g/m³ PM2.5/10 0–999 μg/m³ TVOC 0–2.17 g/m³ Noise 36–95 db	High (battery)	Station (74×85×104)	Seconds	Yes (Wi-Fi)	Yes
(166)	Sensedge Go Mini IAQ Monitor Kaiterra, San Francisco, USA	PM_2.5, PM10, TVOC, temp., RH %, CO₂, NO₂	PM 0–1000 μg/m³ TVOC 0–4.34 g/m³ CO₂ 0.72–3.61 g/m³ NO₂ 0–18.8 mg/m³ Temp. −20–100 °C RH % 0–100 %	High (battery and power supply)	Station (155×126×35)	1 min	Yes (app)	No
(180)	Temtop M2000 Elitech Technology, Inc, Silicone Valley, USA	PM_2.5, PM₁₀, HCHO, CO₂	PM 0–999 μg/m³ CO₂ 0–9.0 g/m³ HCHO 0.00123–6.15 mg/m³	High (battery)	Palm-top (73.5×223.5×37.5)	<1 min	No	Yes
(181)	Aeroqual Series 200/300/500 Aeroqual, Auckland, New Zealand	O₃, NO₂, SO₂, CO, CO₂, PM_2.5, PM₁₀, temp., RH %	Temp. 40–124 °C RH % 0–100 % CO₂ 0–9.0 g/m³ CO 0–1.15 g/m³ SO₂ 0–262 mg/m³ NO₂ 0–1.88 mg/m³ O₃ 0–58.9 mg/m³ PM 0.001–1000 μg/m³	High (battery)	Palm-top (data not available)	<1 min	Yes (app)	Yes
(182)	GrayWolf IAQ Meters GrayWolf Sensing Solutions, Shelton, CT, USA	PM_2.5, PM₁₀, CO₂, CO, TVOC, HCHO, O₃, radon	VOC 0–43.4 mg/m³ PM 0–1000 μg/m³ CO₂ 0.72–9.0 g/m³ O₃ 0–1.96 mg/m³ CO 0–5.73 g/m³ HCHO 0–1.23 mg/m³	High (battery or power supply)	Palm-top (data not available)	<1 min	Yes (app)	Yes
(183)	Testo 400 Testo SE & Co. KGaA, Lenzkirch, Germany	CO₂, CO, temp., RH %	CO₂ 0–18.0 g/m³ CO 0–0.115 g/m³ Temp. 20–70 °C RH % 0–100 %	Medium (power supply)	Palm-top (210×95×39)	Seconds	Yes (app)	Yes
(143)	Honeywell IAQPoint2 Honeywell Analytics Inc., Lincolnshire, IL, USA	CO₂, TVOC, temp., RH %	CO₂ 0–3.61 g/m³ TVOC 0–4.34 mg/m³ Temp. 10–60 °C RH % 0–100 %	Medium (power supply)	Palm-top (163×77×38)	Seconds	Yes (app)	Yes
(184)	SI-AQ 110 Sauermann Sauermann Industries SAS, Chevry-Cossigny, France	CO₂, CO, NO₂, NO, SO₂, H₂S, HCHO, temp., RH %	CO₂ 0–9.0 g/m³ CO 0–0.229 g/m³ NO₂ 0–37.7 mg/m³ NO 0–471 mg/m³ SO₂ 0–52.4 mg/m³ H₂S 0–139 mg/m³ HCHO 0–12.3 mg/m³ Temp. −40–125 °C RH % 5–95 %	High (battery and power supply)	Palm-top (279×254×102)	Seconds	No app, Yes data logging	Yes
(143)	ARW-HD21AB ARW Misure, Zanè, Italy	CO₂, CO, temp., RH %, air pressure	CO₂ 0–9.0 g/m³ CO 0–0.229 g/m³ Air pressure 800–1100 hPa	Medium (power supply)	Palm-top (210×90×40)	Seconds	No app, Yes data logging	Yes

Managing and monitoring indoor air quality and surface decontamination in healthcare environments

Figures & Tables

Figure 1

List of the indoor air quality monitoring devices with their main features

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