Table 1
Summary of studies on biomarker measurements and pollutant analysis in white storks (Ciconia ciconia)
| Age group | Biomarker | Compounds | Matrix | Purpose of the measurement | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nestling | AChE, CES, GST, GR, GSH, ROS | Blood | Assess spatial variability in biomarker response in regard to agricultural pollution | (14) | |
| Nestling | AChE, CES, GST, GR, GSH, ROS, MT | As, Se, Cd, Hg, Pb | Blood | Evaluate the differences in biomarker responses related to metal(loid)s from Croatia | (6) |
| Nestling | AChE, CES, GST, GR, GSH, ROS | Blood | Assess spatial variability in biomarker response in regard to environmental pollution | (13) | |
| Nestling | AChE, CES, GST, GR, GSH, ROS | Blood | Establish novel biomarker detection and analysis in bird plasma and blood cell homogenate (S9) | (61) | |
| Nestling | CAT, SOD, TBARS, CP | Ca, Fe, Mg, K, Na, Zn, Pb, Cd | Blood | Investigation of element impact on oxidative stress biomarkers | (104) |
| Nestling | SOD, TBARS, CAT, GR, CP, GPx | Na, Ca, K, Mg, Zn, Fe, Cu, Co, Mn, Pb, Cd | Blood | Investigation of element impact on oxidative stress biomarkers | (84) |
| Nestling | TWCC, albumin, H/L ratio, ALT, ASP, AP, bilirubin, creatinine, Chl, ferritin, CK, glucose, triglycerides, transferrin, uric acid, metHb, MDA, GSSG, tGSH, GPx | Ca, P, Mg | Blood | Investigation of the effects of foraging on landfills on physiological parameters | (18) |
| Nestling | SOD, CP, CAT, GPx, MDA, GR | Na, Ca, K, Mg, Zn, Fe, Cu, Co, Mn, Cd, Pb | Blood | Evaluation of the impact of elements on oxidative stress biomarkers | (83) |
| Nestling | T4, Mel | Blood | To determine ED biomarker response regarding pollution | (115) | |
| Nestling | Ca:P Ratio | P | Blood | Disruption of bone metabolism due to mine spill | (116) |
| Nestling | GST, MDA, GSH | Pb, As, Hg | Blood | Investigation of oxidative status associated with metal pollution | (73) |
| >1 year | RBC, WBC, Thrombocytes | Blood | Haematological parameters evaluation in White storks reared in captivity | (117) | |
| Fledging | tAP, kidney AP, hepatic AP | P, Ca | Blood, liver, kidney | Skeletal pathology assessment associated with heavy metal pollution | (32) |
| Nestling | MDA, tocopherol, TAC | Blood | Antioxidant supplementation effect on telomeres | (118) | |
| Nestling | T3, T4, corticosterone | Pb, Cu, Cd, Zn, As | Blood | Investigation of stress and hormone status affected by heavy metal and metalloids | (105) |
| Nestling | Ca, Fe, Mg, Zn | Blood | Investigation of chemical elements from polluted areas | (19) | |
| Nestling | TBARS, AST, ALT, PC, LDH, Pyruvate, Lactate | Blood | Pollution-induced oxidative stress and biochemical parameter alterations assessment | (37) | |
| Nestling | T-cell-mediated immune response | Cu, Cd, Pb, Zn, As | Blood | Investigation of relationships between T-cell-mediated immune response and metal levels | (106) |
| Nestling | DNA damage | Blood | Genotoxic effects of heavy metals and arsenic | (107) | |
| Fledging, adult | Pb, Hg, As, Ni, Fe, Zn, Cu, Se, Mn, Cr, Co, Cd | Blood | Assessment of basal values of metals and metalloids | (109) | |
| Nestling | Hb, RCN, MCHb, MCHbC, MCV, TG, Chl, proteins, urea, uric acid, Chl-HDL, AP, AST, ALT, WCN | Blood | A report on haematology and blood chemistry | (119) | |
| Nestling | Cd, Hg, Fe, Pb, Zn, As, Se | Blood | Evaluation on element levels in White storks breeding near a landfill | (120) | |
| Adult, juvenile | ChEs | Blood | Characterisation of plasma cholinesterase and its in vitroinhibition by pesticides | (121) | |
| Nestling | Packed cell volume, RBC, MCHb, MCV, MCHbC Hb, trombocytes, WBC, lymphocytes, heterophils, eosinophils, monocytes, basophils, H/L ratio | Blood | Report on reference intervals for haematological and plasma biochemical parameters | (122) | |
| Nestling | Lymphocytes, DNA damage | Blood | Assessment of genotoxic damage after the Doñana Ecological Disaster | (108) | |
| Nestling | TBARS, CAT, SOD, GR, CP, TAC, GPx | Blood | Pollution-related assessment of changes in oxidative stress and antioxidant defence profile | (36) | |
| Adult | Hg | Liver, kidney, muscle | Investigation of propolis and bee pollen preparation effect on the concentration of Hg | (103) | |
| Nestling | Oxidative stress | Blood | Evaluation of physiological adaptation to the exploitation of landfill sites for foraging | (123) | |
| Nestling | Hg | Feathers | Investigation of Hg in relation to age, brood size, and hatching order | (42) | |
| Nestling | Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb | Feathers | Methodological implications for further ecotoxicological studies | (20) | |
| Adult | Cu, As, Pb, Cd | Liver, muscle, kidney | Evaluation of a mine tailing accident influence near Doñana National Park | (102) | |
| Dichlorobenzophenone, alpha-HCH, gamma-HCH, dieldrin, aldrin, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, p,p'-TDE,p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDT, PCBs, Pb, Hg, Cu, Zn, Cd | Eggs | Assessment of the levels of organochlorine pollutants and heavy metals | (101) | ||
| Adult | As, Mn, Cr, Pb, Ni, Zn | Feathers | Determination of heavy metal accumulation in the feathers | (124) | |
| Nestling | Pb, Pb isotope ratio | Blood | Assessment of source identification of Pb contamination in a marshland ecosystem | (125) | |
| Nestling | Lymphocytes | Blood | A 4 year follow-up analysis of genotoxic damage after the massive spillage of toxic waste at Doñana National Park | (126) |
[i] AChE – acetylcholinesterase; ALT – alanine aminotransferase; AP – alkaline phosphatase; alpha-HCH – alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane; ASP – aspartate aminotransferase; AST – aspartate aminotransferase; CAT – catalase; CES – carboxylesterase; ChEs – cholinesterase; Chl – cholesterol; Chl-HDL – cholesterol-high density lipoprotein; CK – creatine kinase; CP – carbonyl proteins; gamma-HCH – gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane; GPx – glutathione peroxidase, GR – glutathione reductase; GSH – reduced glutathione; GSSG – oxidised glutathione; GST – glutathione S-transferase; H/L – heterophils and lymphocytes ratio; Hb – haemoglobin; LDH – lactate dehydrogenase; MCHb – mean cell Hb; MCHbC – mean cell Hb concentration; MCV – mean cell volume; MDA – malondialdehyde; Mel – melatonin; MetHb – methaemoglobin; PC – carbonyl proteins; RBC – red blood cells; RCN – red cell number; ROS – reactive oxygen species; SOD – superoxide dismutase; T3 – triiodothyronine; T4 – thyroxine; TAC – total antioxidant capacity; TBARS – thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; TG – triglycerides; TWCC – total white cell; WBC – white blood cells; WCN – white cell number; As – arsenic; Ca – calcium; Cd – cadmium; Co – cobalt; Cr – chromium; Cu – copper; Fe – iron; Hg – mercury; K – potassium; Mg – magnesium; Mn – manganese; Na – sodium; Ni – nickel; p'p,-DDE – p,p′-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene; p'p'-DDT – p,p'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane; p'p,-TDE – p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane; Pb – lead; Se – selenium; Zn – zinc