References
- Messenger JC, Lee S, McCann D. Working Time Around the World: Trends in Working Hours, Laws, and Policies in a Global Comparative Perspective. London: Routledge; 2007.
- International Labour Organization (ILO). World Employment and Social Outlook: Trends 2018. Geneva: ILO; 2018.
- International Labour Organization (ILO). World Employment and Social Outlook: Trends 2024. Geneva: ILO; 2024.
- Bannai A, Tamakoshi A. The association between long working hours and health: a systematic review of epidemiological evidence. Scand J Work Environ Health 2014;40:5–18. doi: 10.5271/sjweh.3388
- Huang Y, Xiang Y, Zhou W, Li G, Zhao C, Zhang D, Shenying F. Long working hours and all-cause mortality in China: A 26-year follow-up study. Scand J Work Environ Health 2023;49:539–48. doi: 10.5271/sjweh.4115
- Wong K, Chan AHS, Ngan SC. The effect of long working hours and overtime on occupational health: a meta-analysis of evidence from 1998 to 2018. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019;16(12):2102. doi: 10.3390/ijerph1612210
- Portuné R. Psychosocial risks in the workplace: an increasing challenge for German and international health protection. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2012;63:123–31. doi: 10.2478/10004-1254-63-2012-2212
- Duchaine CS, Aubé K, Gilbert-Ouimet M, Vézina M, Ndjaboué R, Massamba V, Talbot D, Lavigne-Robichaud M, Trudel X, Pena-Gralle AB, Lesage A, Moore L, Milot A, Laurin D, Brisson C. Psychosocial stressors at work and the risk of sickness absence due to a diagnosed mental disorder. JAMA Psychiatry 2020;77:842–51. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.0322
- Afonso P, Fonseca M, Pires JF. Impact of working hours on sleep and mental health. Occup Med 2017;67:377–82. doi: 10.1093/occmed/kqx054
- Kleppa E, Sanne B, Tell GS. Working overtime is associated with anxiety and depression: the Hordaland Health Study. J Occup Environ Med 2008;50:658–66. doi: 10.1097/JOM.0b013e3181734330
- Blomgren J, Perhoniemi R. Increase in sickness absence due to mental disorders in Finland: trends by gender, age and diagnostic group in 2005–2019. Scand J Public Health 2022;50:318–22. doi: 10.1177/1403494821993705
- Kausto J, Pentti J, Oksanen T, Virta LJ, Virtanen M, Kivimäki M, Jussi V. Length of sickness absence and sustained return-to-work in mental disorders and musculoskeletal diseases: a cohort study of public sector employees. Scand J Work Environ Health 2017;43:358–66. doi: 10.5271/sjweh.3643
- Zechinatti AC, Belloti JC, de Moraes VY, Albertoni WM. Occupational musculoskeletal and mental disorders as the most frequent associations to worker’s sickness absence: A 10-year cohort study. BMC Res Notes 2012;5:229. doi: 10.1186/1756-0500-5-229
- Dahlgren A, Kecklund G, Akerstedt T. Overtime work and its effects on sleep, sleepiness, cortisol and blood pressure in an experimental field study. Scand J Work Environ Health 2006;32:318–27. doi: 10.5271/sjweh.1016
- Wirtz A, Nachreiner F. The effects of extended working hours on health and social well-being–a comparative analysis of four independent samples. Chronobiol Int 2010;27:1124–34. doi: 10.3109/07420528.2010.490099
- Schiller H, Lekander M, Rajaleid K, Hellgren C, Åkerstedt T, Barck-Holst P, Kecklund G. The impact of reduced worktime on sleep and perceived stress – a group randomized intervention study using diary data. Scand J Work Environ Health 2017;43:109–16. doi: 10.5271/sjweh.3610
- Härmä M, Kecklund G, Tucker P. Working hours and health – key research topics in the past and future. Scand J Work Environ Health 2024;50:233–43. doi: 10.5271/sjweh.4157
- Krystal AD. Psychiatric disorders and sleep. Neurol Clin 2012;30:1389–413. doi: 10.1016/j.ncl.2012.08.018
- Luyster FS, Strollo PJ, Zee PC, Walsh JK. Sleep: a health imperative. Sleep 2012;35:727–34. doi: 10.5665/sleep.1846
- Nakashima M, Morikawa Y, Sakurai M, Nakamura K, Miura K, Ishizaki M, Kido T, Naruse Y, Suwazono Y, Nakagawa H. Association between long working hours and sleep problems in white-collar workers. J Sleep Res 2011;20:110–6. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2869.2010.00852.x
- Kalmbach DA, Abelson JL, Arnedt JT, Zhao Z, Schubert JR, Sen S. Insomnia symptoms and short sleep predict anxiety and worry in response to stress exposure: a prospective cohort study of medical interns. Sleep Med 2019;55:40–7. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2018.12.001
- Cox RC, Olatunji BO. A systematic review of sleep disturbance in anxiety and related disorders. J Anxiety Disord 2016;37:104–29. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2015.12.001
- Han KS, Kim L, Shim I. Stress and sleep disorder. Exp Neurobiol 2012;21:141–50. doi: 10.5607/en.2012.21.4.141
- Kalmbach D, Cuamatzi-Castelan A, Tonnu C, Tran KM, Anderson J, Roth T, Drake CL. Hyperarousal and sleep reactivity in insomnia: current insights. Nat Sci Sleep 2018;10:193–201. doi: 10.2147/NSS.S138823
- McEwen BS. Sleep deprivation as a neurobiologic and physiologic stressor: allostasis and allostatic load. Metabolism 2006;55(10 Suppl 2):S20–3. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2006.07.008
- Meerlo P, Sgoifo A, Suchecki D. Restricted and disrupted sleep: effects on autonomic function, neuroendocrine stress systems and stress responsivity. Sleep Med Rev 2008;12:197–210. doi: 10.1016/j.smrv.2007.07.007
- Åkerstedt T. Psychosocial stress and impaired sleep. Scand J Work Environ Health 2006;32:493–501. doi: 10.5271/sjweh.1054
- Sanford LD, Suchecki D, Meerlo P. Stress, arousal, and sleep. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2015;25:379–410. doi: 10.1007/7854_2014_314
- Benham G. Sleep: an important factor in stress-health models. Stress Health 2010;26:204–14. doi: 10.1002/smi.1304
- Benham G, Charak R. Stress and sleep remain significant predictors of health after controlling for negative affect. Stress Health 2019;35:59–68. doi: 10.1002/smi.2840
- Japundžić I, Lugović-Mihić L, Košćec Bjelajac A, Macan J, Novak-Hlebar I, Buljan M, Zovak M, Vidović D, Trkanjec Z, Kuna M. Psychological stress and hand eczema in physicians and dentists: a comparison based on surgical work. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023;13(5):379. doi: 10.3390/bs13050379
- Babić Ž, Japundžić-Rapić I, Lugović Mihić L, Macan J. Evaluation of skin barrier condition among physicians and dentists. Dermatitis 2024;35:70–6. doi: 10.1089/derm.2023.0266
- Japundžić-Rapić I, Macan J, Babić Ž, Vodanović M, Salarić I, Prpić-Mehičić G, Gabrić D, Pondeljak N, Lugović-Mihić L. Work-related and personal predictors of hand eczema in physicians and dentists: results from a field study. Dermatitis 2024;35:101–5. doi: 10.1089/derm.2022.0071
- Roenneberg T, Pilz LK, Zerbini G, Winnebeck EC. Chronotype and social jetlag: a (self-) critical review. Biology (Basel) 2019;8(3):54. doi: 10.3390/biology8030054
- Roenneberg T, Wirz-Justice A, Merrow M. Life between clocks: daily temporal patterns of human chronotypes. J Biol Rhythms 2003;18:80–90. doi: 10.1177/0748730402239679
- Cohen S, Kamarck T, Mermelstein R. A global measure of perceived stress. J Health Soc Behav 1983;24:385–96. doi: 10.2307/2136404
- Zung WW. A rating instrument for anxiety disorders. Psychosom J Consult Liaison Psychiatry 1971;12:371–9. doi: 10.1016/S0033-3182(71)71479-0
- Muthén LK, Muthén BO. Mplus User’s Guide. 9th ed. Los Angeles (CA): Muthén & Muthén; 1998.
- Kline RB. Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling. 4th ed. New York (NY): The Guilford Press; 2016.
- Browne MW, Cudeck R. Alternative ways of assessing model fit. Sociol Methods Res 1992;21:230–58. doi: 10.1177/0049124192021002005
- Hu L, Bentler PM. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Struct Equ Modeling 1999;6:1–55. doi: 10.1080/10705519909540118
- Burnham KP, Anderson DR. Model Selection and Multimodel Inference: A Practical Information-Theoretic Approach. 2nd ed. New York (NY): Springer; 2002.
- Green T. A methodological review of structural equation modelling in higher education research. Stud High Educ 2016;41:2125–55. doi: 10.1080/03075079.2015.1021670
- Schermelleh-Engel K, Moosbrugger H, Müller H. Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods Psychol Res 2003;8:23–74. doi: 10.23668/psycharchives.12784
- McNeish D, Matta TH. SRMR for models with covariates. Psychometrika 2025;90:24–46. doi: 10.1017/psy.2024.10
- Kenny DA, Kaniskan B, McCoach DB. The performance of RMSEA in models with small degrees of freedom. Sociol Methods Res 2015;44:486–507. doi: 10.1177/0049124114543236
- Hricova M, Nezkusilova J, Raczova B. Perceived stress and burnout: the mediating role of self-care and job satisfaction as preventive factors in helping professions. Eur J Ment Health 2020;15:3–22. doi: 10.5708/EJMH.15.2020.1.1
- Matre D, Skogstad M, Sterud T, Nordby KC, Knardahl S, Christensen JO, Lie JS. Safety incidents associated with extended working hours. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Scand J Work Environ Health 2021;47:415–24. doi: 10.5271/sjweh.3958.
- Virtanen M, Ferrie JE, Gimeno D, Vahtera J, Elovainio M, Singh-Manoux A, Marmot MG, Kivimäki M. Long working hours and sleep disturbances: the Whitehall II prospective cohort study. Sleep 2009;32:737–45. doi: 10.1093/sleep/32.6.737
- Virtanen M, Ferrie JE, Singh-Manoux A, Shipley MJ, Stansfeld SA, Marmot MG, Ahola K, Vahtera J, Kivimäki M. Long working hours and symptoms of anxiety and depression: a 5-year follow-up of the Whitehall II study. Psychol Med 2011;41:2485–94. doi: 10.1017/S0033291711000171
- Drake CL, Pillai V, Roth T. Stress and sleep reactivity: a prospective investigation of the stress-diathesis model of insomnia. Sleep 2014;37:1295–304. doi: 10.5665/sleep.3916
- Taylor DJ, Lichstein KL, Durrence HH, Reidel BW, Bush AJ. Epidemiology of insomnia, depression, and anxiety. Sleep 2005;28:1457–64. doi: 10.1093/sleep/28.11.1457
- Kim S, Shin Y, Oh K, Shin D, Lim W, Kim E, Cho SJ, Jeon SW. The association of occupational stress and sleep duration with anxiety symptoms among healthy employees: A cohort study. Stress Health 2020;36:675–85. doi: 10.1002/smi.2948
- Åkerstedt T, Knutsson A, Westerholm P, Theorell T, Alfredsson L, Kecklund G. Sleep disturbances, work stress and work hours: A cross-sectional study. J Psychosom Res 2002;53:741–8. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3999(02)00333-1
- Van Laethem M, Beckers DG, Kompier MA, Dijksterhuis A, Geurts SA. Psychosocial work characteristics and sleep quality: a systematic review of longitudinal and intervention research. Scand J Work Environ Health 2013;39:535–49. doi: 10.5271/sjweh.3376