Table 1
Relative percentage of identified compounds in the aqueous sage extract
| No. | Components | RRI | RT | Peak area (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | α-terpineol | 1196 | 5.14 | 0.93 |
| 2 | β-thujone | 1103 | 5.93 | 0.89 |
| 3 | Camphor | 1143 | 6.36 | 15.47 |
| 4 | endo-Borneol | 1167 | 6.57 | 2.89 |
| 5 | α-Bornyl acetate | 1288 | 10.00 | 7.58 |
| 6 | Acetophenone | 1065 | 10.30 | 7.37 |
| 7 | 2,4 Di-tert butyl phenol | 1519 | 11.13 | 7.05 |
| 8 | Palmitic acid | 1968 | 15.71 | 18.71 |
| 9 | Linoleic acid | 2172 | 17.10 | 8.16 |
| 10 | Monopalmitin | 2498 | 17.65 | 3.74 |
| 11 | 3-hydroxypropyl palmitate | 2361 | 18.96 | 11.89 |
| 12 | α-glycerol monostearate | 2806 | 20.00 | 13.39 |
Figure 1
Scavenging properties of aqueous sage extract determined with the DPPH• (A) and ABTS•+ assay (B) and expressed as a percentage of inhibition compared to control
Figure 2
Viability of peripheral blood mononuclear cells treated with different concentrations (0.075–2.25 mg/mL) of aqueous sage extract for 24 h compared to untreated control. **P<0.01; ***P<0.001
Figure 3
Glutathione reductase activity (mU/mL) in untreated control whole blood samples and those treated with increasing concentrations of aqueous sage extract. **P<0.01; ***P<0.001
Figure 4
Prooxidant-antioxidant balance in untreated (control) peripheral blood mononuclear cells vs those treated with H2O2, aqueous sage extract, and their combination (presented as a percentage of untreated control). *P<0.05; ***P<0.001 – treatments vs. untreated control. ###P<0.001 – sage pre-treatments vs. H2O2 treatment
Figure 5
Micronucleus frequency in peripheral blood cells: untreated controls, H2O2-treated, sage extract-treated, and pre-treated with sage extract followed by H2O2 (presented as a percentage of untreated control). *P<0.05, ***P<0.001 – treated vs. control cells. ###P<0.001 – sage extract pre-treatment vs. H2O2 treatment
Figure 6
Cytokinesis-block proliferation indices (CBPI) of peripheral blood cells: untreated controls, H2O2-treated, sage extract-treated, and pre-treated with sage extract followed by H2O2 (presented as a percentage of untreated control). *P<0.05, ** P<0.01 – treated cells vs. control cells. #P<0.05 – sage extract pre-treatment vs. H2O2 treatment
Figure 7
Pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, IL-1β (A) and TNF-α (B), in PHA-stimulated peripheral blood cells treated with aqueous sage extract in different concentrations. * P <0.05, ***P<0.001 – treated cells vs. control cells