Figure 1
Athlete biological passport (ABP) flowchart process (A) and analyses (B). ABP – athlete biological passport, ADAMS – anti-doping administration and management system, ADO – anti-doping organisation, ADRV – anti-doping rule violation, APF – adverse passport finding, APMU – athlete’s passport management unit, IF – international federation, WADA – World Anti-Doping Agency
Table 1
Measured and calculated parameters in athlete biological passport (ABP) modules
| ABP module | Measured parameters | Calculated parameters |
|---|---|---|
| Haematological | HGB | |
| Ret% | ||
| Hct | ||
| RBC# | OFF-score | |
| Ret# | ||
| IRF | ) | |
| MCV | ||
| MCH | ABPS | |
| MCHC | Hct, HGB, RBC, Ret%, MCV, MCH, and MCHC | |
| RDW | ||
| WBC | ||
| PLT | ||
| Steroid | testosterone | T/E |
| epitestosterone | A/T | |
| etiocholanolone | A/Etio | |
| 5α-androstanediol | 5a-diol/5b-diol | |
| 5β-androstandiol | ||
| Endocrinological* | IGF-1 | GH-2000 |
| P-III-NP |
* pending implementation. 5a-diol/5b-diol – 5α-androstanediol/5β-androstanediol ratio; A/Etio – androsterone/etiocholanolone ratio; A/T – androsterone/testosterone ratio; ABPS – abnormal blood profile score; GH-2000 – a calculated score from IGF-1 and P-III-NP serum concentrations corrected for sex and age; Hct – haematocrit; HGB – haemoglobin; IGH-1 – insulin-like growth factor 1; IRF – immature reticulocyte fraction; MCH – mean corpuscular haemoglobin; MCHC – mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration; MCV – mean corpuscular volume; P-III-NP – procollagen III peptide; PLT – absolute platelet count; RBC – absolute red blood cell count; RDW – red blood cell distribution width; Ret% – reticulocyte percentage; Ret# – absolute reticulocyte count; T/E – testosterone/epitestosterone ratio; WBC – absolute white blood cell count
Figure 2
Examples of HGB, Ret%, OFF-score, and ABPS profiles in the athlete biological passport (ABP) indicative of different types of blood doping (based on available literature data about the influence of rHuEPO, blood transfusion, and blood withdrawal on erythropoiesis and ABP profiles). Legend: blue line – athlete’s measured data in each testing; red line – calculated (expected) reference ranges. Testing points: 1 – physiological values; 2 – withdrawal of 1 blood unit; 3 – reinfusion of 1 blood unit; 4 – beginning of rHuEPO application; 5 – rHuEPO cessation; 6 – physiological values; 7 – predicted reference range for the next testing
Table 2
Interpretation of abnormal blood profile scores (ABPS)
| ABPS value | Interpretation |
|---|---|
| <0 | doping not suspected (“clean athlete”) |
| 0–1 | possible suspicion of doping |
| >1 | doping suspected* |