Redox and biometal status in Wistar rats after subacute exposure to fluoride and selenium counter-effects

Group	Parameter	Day 7	Day 14	Day 21	Day 28
Control	BWG	0.27±0.03	0.68±0.05	1.00±0.08	0.95±0.11
F group	BWG	0.17±0.04^***	0.59±0.04	0.92±0.08	0.90±0.08
F group	% to control	-37.11 %	-12.27 %	-8.61 %	-5.16 %
Se group	BWG	0.27±0.04	0.47±0.07^***	0.83±0.08^*	1.1±0.12
Se group	% to control	0.35 %	-30.84 %	-17.39 %	14.92 %
F+Se group	BWG	0.19±0.03^{ ##}**	*0.57±0.11^{ #}**	0.82±0.14^**	0.88±0.16^###
	% to control	-26.35 %	-15.75 %	-18.18 %	-18.43 %

[i] Mean (±SD) body weight gain by groups of Wistar rats exposed to fluoride and/or selenium for 28 days. ^{* #} p<0.05; ^{** ##} p<0.01; ^{*** ###} p<0.001 – significant differences from control group are indicated by *, from the Se group by ^# (one-way ANOVA followed by LSD test). F group – exposed to sodium fluoride alone (150 mg/L); Se group – exposed to sodium selenite alone (1.5 mg/L); F+Se group – exposed to the combination of F and Se at the same concentrations

Median (and range) of water consumption (mL/day) by groups of Wistar rats exposed to fluoride and/or selenium for 28 days. ^* p<0.05; ^*** p<0.001 – significant differences compared to control (Kruskal-Wallis followed by Dunn’s test). F group – exposed to sodium fluoride alone (150 mg/L); Se group – exposed to sodium selenite alone (1.5 mg/L); F+Se group – exposed to the combination of F and Se at the same concentrations

Blood redox parameters in Wistar rats exposed to fluoride 150 mg/L and/or selenium 1.5 mg/L through drinking water for 28 days. a) O₂^.- – superoxide anion (μmol/min/L); b) TOS – total oxidative status (μmol/L); c) SOD1 – superoxide dismutase activity (U/L); d) SH – total thiol groups (mmol/L); e) MDA – malondialdehyde (μmol/L). ^{* #} p<0.05; ^{** aa} p<0.01 – significant differences from control group are indicated by *, from the Se group by ^#, from the F group by ^a (one-way ANOVA followed by Fisher’s LSD and Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn’s *post-hoc* test). The line inside of the box presents the median, the box presents interquartile range (25–75 %). End limiters present minima and maxima

Liver redox parameters in Wistar rats exposed to fluoride 150 mg/L and/or selenium 1.5 mg/L through drinking water for 28 days. a) O₂^.- – superoxide anion (μmol/min/g protein); b) TOS – total oxidative status (μmol/g protein); c) SOD1 – superoxide dismutase activity (U/g protein); d) SH – total thiol groups (mmol/g protein); e) MDA – malondialdehyde (μmol/g protein). ^* p<0.05; ^{** ##} p<0.01 – significant differences from control group are indicated by *, from the Se group by ^# (one-way ANOVA followed by Fisher’s LSD and Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn’s *post-hoc* test). The line inside of the box presents the median, the box presents interquartile range (25–75 %). End limiters present minima and maxima

Spleen redox parameters in Wistar rats exposed to fluoride 150 mg/L and/or selenium 1.5 mg/L through drinking water for 28 days. a) O₂^.- – superoxide anion (μmol/min/g protein); b) TOS – total oxidative status (μmol/g protein); c) SOD1 – superoxide dismutase activity (U/g protein), d) SH – total thiol groups (mmol/g protein); e) MDA – malondialdehyde (μmol/g protein). ^a p<0.05 – significant differences from the F group are indicated by ^a (One-way ANOVA followed by Fisher’s LSD and Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn’s *post-hoc* test). The line inside of the box presents the median, the box presents interquartile range (25–75 %). End limiters present minima and maxima

Brain redox parameters in Wistar rats exposed to fluoride 150 mg/L and/or selenium 1.5 mg/L through drinking water for 28 days. a) O₂^.- – superoxide anion (μmol/min/g protein); b) TOS – total oxidative status (μmol/g protein); c) SOD1 – superoxide dismutase activity (U/g protein); d) MDA – malondialdehyde (μmol/g protein). ^{* # a} p<0.05; ^### p<0.001 – significant differences from control group are indicated by *, from the Se group by ^#, from the F group by ^a (one-way ANOVA followed by Fisher’s LSD and Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn’s *post-hoc* test). The line inside of the box presents the median, the box presents interquartile range (25–75 %). End limiters present minima and maxima

Kidney redox parameters in Wistar rats exposed to fluoride 150 mg/L and/or selenium 1.5 mg/L through drinking water for 28 days. a) O₂^.-– superoxide anion (μmol/min/g protein); b) TOS – total oxidative status (μmol/g protein); c) SOD1 – superoxide dismutase activity (U/ g protein); d) SH – total thiol groups (mmol/g protein); e) MDA – malondialdehyde (μmol/g protein). ^{* #} p<0.05; ^** p<0.01; ^*** p<0.001; ^**** p<0.0001 – significant differences from control group are indicated by *, from the Se group by ^# (one-way ANOVA followed by Fisher’s LSD and Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn’s *post-hoc* test). The line inside of the box presents the median, the box presents interquartile range (25–75 %). End limiters present minima and maxima

Table 2

Copper, zinc, and iron levels in blood, liver, spleen, brain, and kidneys of Wistar rats exposed to fluoride and/or selenium through drinking water for 28 days

Sample	Bioelements	Groups
Sample	Bioelements	Control	F	F+Se	Se
Blood	Cu (μmol/L)	22.05±4.97	32.51±8.01*	29.21±3.05^###	51.03±7.881***
	Zn (μmol/L)	60.63 47.55–71.44	90.67* 56.84–122.4	84.02^# 51.64–106.0	216.4* 181.4–226.9**
	Fe (mmol/L)	4.89±2.01	5.40±4.47	4.79±2.11^###	13.47±0.35***
Liver	Cu (μg/g)	3.78±0.43	3.07±0.18***	3.22±0.18^##**	2.68±0.21***
	Zn (μg/g)	29.86 28.79–31.93	31.75 30.97–54.93	32.25^# 29.63–37.10	50.28 45.43–69.18**
	Fe (μg/g)	122.9±19.59	121.8±7.69	*105.1±11.73^###**	71.52±10.29***
Spleen	Cu (μg/g)	1.65±0.41	1.14±0.51	0.54±1.27	0.99±0.00
	Zn (μg/g)	34.55±0.35	36.42±1.32	42.95±3.185	46.47±7.39*
	Fe (μg/g)	239.5±90.27	250.6±49.15	287.6±26.45	224.6±96.80
Brain	Cu (μg/g)	2.79±1.39	2.21±0.76	2.88±0.31	3.181±0.68
	Zn (μg/g)	20.08 13.12–38.46	12.18 8.30–17.03	*7.28 4.62–10.10**	1.99 0.53–17.20**
	Fe (μg/g)	48.10±15.35	29.90±7.78*	35.34±9.85	44.00±11.27
Kidneys	Cu (μg/g)	7.57 5.35–8.69	5.06 4.16–7.01	4.48^# 3.96–5.54	7.46 5.37–10.70
	Zn (μg/g)	113.4 74.50–143.9	*43.87 23.21–66.48**	29.59 22.90–39.13**	31.32 23.86–50.85**
	Fe (μg/g)	81.78 71.67–101.6	36.48 31.99–39.67**	44.40 40.02–51.71	37.58 28.45–47.89**

[i] Mean (±SD) or median (± range) of bioelements levels by groups of Wistar rats exposed to fluoride and/or selenium for 28 days. ^{* #} p<0.05; ^{** ##} p<0.01; ^{*** ###} p<0.001 – significant differences from control group are indicated by *, from the Se group by ^# (one-way ANOVA followed by Fisher’s LSD and Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn’s post-hoc test). F group – exposed to sodium fluoride alone (150 mg/L); Se group – exposed to sodium selenite alone (1.5 mg/L); F+Se group – exposed to the combination of F and Se at the same concentrations

Mean (±SD) liver, spleen, brain, and kidney fluoride levels (mg/kg) in Wistar rats exposed to fluoride (150 mg/L) and/or selenium (1.5 mg/L) through drinking water for 28 days. ^a p<0.05; ** p<0.01; **** p<0.0001 – significant differences from control are indicated by *, from the F group by ^a (one-way ANOVA followed by Fisher’s LSD)

Table 3

Fluoride (mg/kg) distribution across tissues in Wistar rats exposed to fluoride and/or selenium through drinking water for 28 days

Group	Liver	Spleen	Brain	Kidneys
Control	0.23±0.04^bd	0.98±0.02^ad	0.51±0.11^c	1.43±1.07^abc
F	0.27±0.06^d	0.35±0.04^d	0.38±0.03^d	0.77±0.15^abc
Se	0.06±0.02^bcd	0.99±0.02^cd	0.45±0.1^abd	0.85±0.32^ac
F+Se	0.13±0.05^bcd	2.53±0.03^acd	0.29±0.06^abd	0.48±0.11^abc

[i] Mean (± SD) of fluoride levels by groups of Wistar rats exposed to fluoride and/or selenium for 28 days. ^{a b c d} p<0.05 – significant differences from liver are indicated by ^a, from spleen by ^b, from brain by ^c, from kidneys by ^d (one-way ANOVA followed by Fisher’s LSD). F group – exposed to sodium fluoride alone (150 mg/L); Se group – exposed to sodium selenite alone (1.5 mg/L); F+Se group – exposed to the combination of F and Se at the same concentrations

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/aiht-2022-73-3650 | Journal eISSN: 1848-6312 (formerly 0004-1254) | Journal ISSN: 0004-1254

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Language: English, Croatian

Page range: 207 - 222

Submitted on: Apr 1, 2022

Accepted on: Sep 1, 2022

Published on: Sep 30, 2022

Published by: Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Keywords:

Cu,

Fe,

MDA,

NaF,

O₂^.-,

oxidative stress,

Se,

SOD1,

sodium fluoride,

subacute toxicity,

Related subjects:

Medicine,

Basic medical science,

Basic medical science, other

© 2022 Jelena Radovanović, Biljana Antonijević, Katarina Baralić, Marijana Ćurčić, Danijela Đukić-Ćosić, Zorica Bulat, Dragana Javorac, Aleksandra Buha Đorđević, Jelena Kotur-Stevuljević, Emina Sudar-Milovanović, Evica Antonijević Miljaković, Miloš Beloica, Zoran Mandinić, published by Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

Volume 73 (2022): Issue 3 (September 2022)

Redox and biometal status in Wistar rats after subacute exposure to fluoride and selenium counter-effects

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