Genotoxicity of aluminium oxide, iron oxide, and copper nanoparticles in mouse bone marrow cells

Nanoparticles	Genotoxicity assay	No of animals	Groups	Dose (mg/kg)
Al₂A₃	Chromosomal aberration	15=3 per group	NC	0
			1	75
			2	150
			3	300
			MMC (PC)	2
	Micronucleus assay	15=3 per group	NC	0
			1	75
			2	150
			3	300
			MMC (PC)	2
	Comet assay	15=3 per group	NC	0
			1	75
			2	150
			3	300
			MMS (PC)	100
Fe₂O₃	Chromosomal aberration	15=3 per group	NC	0
			1	75
			2	150
			3	300
			MMC (PC)	2
	Micronucleus assay	15=3 per group	NC	0
			1	75
			2	150
			3	300
			MMC (PC)	2
	Comet assay	15=3 per group	NC	0
			1	75
			2	150
			3	300
			MMS (PC)	100
Cu	Chromosomal aberration	15=3 per group	NC	0
			1	5
			2	10
			3	15
			MMC (PC)	2
	Micronucleus assay	15=3 per group	NC	0
			1	5
			2	10
			3	15
			MMC (PC)	2
	Comet assay	15=3 per group	NC	0
			1	5
			2	10
			3	15
			MMS (PC)	100

Table 2

Chromosomal aberrations in bone marrow cells of male BALB/c mice treated with Fe₂O₃, Al₂O₃ and Cu nanoparticles

Group	Dose (mg/kg)	No. of analysed metaphases	Chromosomal aberrations				TA/500 cells	CA/cell Mean ± SD
Group	Dose (mg/kg)	No. of analysed metaphases	CtB	ChB	CtG	ChG	TA/500 cells	CA/cell Mean ± SD
Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles
NC	0	500	18	13	14	15	60	0.120±0.026
PC	2	500	106	35	104	60	305	0.610±0.081*
1	75	500	21	10	35	15	89	0.178±0.057
2	150	500	20	12	38	10	86	0.172±0.023
3	300	500	27	09	40	16	92	0.184±0.029
Al₂O₃ nanoparticles
NC	0	500	14	16	11	17	58	0.116±0.019
PC	2	500	102	41	115	53	311	0.622±0.147*
1	75	500	20	13	38	12	83	0.166±0.081
2	150	500	15	10	43	10	79	0.158±0.046
3	300	500	19	14	40	11	89	0.168±0.039
Cu nanoparticles
NC	0	500	15	12	18	16	61	0.12 ±0.037
PC	2	500	98	35	110	61	304	0.608±0.081*
1	5	500	20	13	22	15	70	0.140±0.054
2	10	500	19	14	20	16	69	0.138±0.048
3	15	500	50	26	68	41	185	0.370±0.076*

* Data are expressed as means ± SD (n=5).

* significant difference from negative control (P<0.05); NC – negative control; PC – positive control (single ip dose of 2 mg/kg mitomycin C); TA – total number of aberrant cells; CtB – chromatid breaks; ChB – chromosome breaks; CtG – chromatid gaps; ChG – chromosome gaps

Table 3

Mitotic index in bone marrow cells of male BALB/c mice treated with Fe₂O₃, Al₂O₃, and Cu nanoparticles

Group	Dose (mg/kg)	No. of analysed metaphases	No. of mitotic cells	Mitotic index (%)
Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles
NC	0	5000	409	8.180±0.540
PC	2	5000	61	1.220±0.259*
1	75	5000	399	7.980±0.370
2	150	5000	395	7.900±0.709
3	300	5000	401	8.080±1.180
Al₂O₃ nanoparticles
NC	0	5000	417	8.340±0.351
PC	2	5000	58	1.160±0.288*
1	75	5000	403	8.060±0.517
2	150	5000	409	8.180±0.687
3	300	5000	399	7.980±0.991
Cu nanoparticles
NC	0	5000	411	8.220±0.277
PC	2	5000	54	1.080±0.238*
1	5	5000	406	8.120±0.868
2	10	5000	399	7.980±0.673
3	15	5000	309	6.180±0.802*

* Data are expressed as means ± SD (n=5).

* significant difference from negative control (P<0.05); Mitotic index (%) – number of mitotic cells per total number of cells observed × 100; NC – negative control; PC – positive control (single ip dose of 2 mg/kg mitomycin C)

Reticulocyte micronucleus frequency (%MN-RETs) in mice treated with Fe₂O₃ or Al₂O₃ nanoparticles and a single dose of mitomycin C (MMC). * significant difference (P<0.05) from negative control (0)

Reticulocyte micronucleus frequency (%MN-RETs) in mice treated with Cu nanoparticles and a single dose of mitomycin C (MMC). * significant difference (P<0.05) from negative control (0)

Reticulocyte frequency (%RETs) in mice treated with Fe₂O₃ or Al₂O₃ nanoparticles and a single dose of mitomycin C (MMC). *significant difference (P<0.05) from negative control (0)

Reticulocyte frequency (%RET) in mice treated with Cu nanoparticles and a single dose of mitomycin C (MMC). *significant difference (P<0.05) from negative control (0)

DNA damage induced by Al₂O₃ nanoparticles in mice bone marrow measured by the standard and enzyme-modified comet assays. * significant difference (P<0.05) from negative control. EndoIII – endonuclease III-modified comet assay; hOGG1 – human 8-hydroxyguanine DNA-glycosylase-modified comet assay; MMS – methyl methanesulphonate. Note: the reason for low hOGG1 findings with MMS is that it cannot detect alkylating damage caused by it (43)

DNA damage induced by Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles in mice bone marrow measured by the standard and enzyme-modified comet assays. * significant difference (P<0.05) from negative control. EndoIII – endonuclease III-modified comet assay; hOGG1 – human 8-hydroxyguanine DNA-glycosylase-modified comet assay; MMS – methyl methanesulphonate. Note: the reason for low hOGG1 findings with MMS is that it cannot detect alkylating damage caused by it (43)

DNA damage induced by Cu nanoparticles in mice bone marrow measured by the standard and enzyme-modified comet assays. * significant difference (P<0.05) from negative control. EndoIII – endonuclease III-modified comet assay; hOGG1 – human 8-hydroxyguanine DNA-glycosylase-modified comet assay; MMS – methyl methanesulphonate. Note: the reason for low hOGG1 findings with MMS is that it cannot detect alkylating damage caused by it (43)

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/aiht-2021-72-3578 | Journal eISSN: 1848-6312 (formerly 0004-1254) | Journal ISSN: 0004-1254

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Language: English, German

Page range: 315 - 325

Submitted on: Jul 1, 2021

Accepted on: Nov 1, 2021

Published on: Dec 30, 2021

Published by: Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Keywords:

Al₂O₃,

chromosomal aberrations,

comet assay,

Cu,

Fe₂O₃,

in vivo,

micronucleus,

mitotic index

Related subjects:

Medicine,

Basic medical science,

Basic medical science, other

© 2021 Rakhshinda Sadiq, Qaiser Mahmood Khan, Ameena Mobeen, Asma Shah, published by Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Volume 72 (2021): Issue 4 (December 2021)

Genotoxicity of aluminium oxide, iron oxide, and copper nanoparticles in mouse bone marrow cells

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