Figure 1
PBBs, PBDEs, TBBPA, TBBPS, and HBCD structure
Table 1
Review of methods used to analyse brominated flame retardants in environmental samples
| Sample | Compounds | Extraction technique | Extract purification | Detection technique | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | PBDE | USAEME | / | GC-EI-MS | (31) |
| PBDE | SPE | / | GC-ECD | (12) | |
| PBDE | UA-DLLME | / | HPLC-UV | (6) | |
| PBDE | SBSE | / | GC-EI-MS | (42) | |
| PBDE | LLE | / | GC-EI-MS | (32) | |
| PBDE | SPE | silica gel/aluminium oxide or Florisil® | GC-EI-HRMS | (13) | |
| TBBPA, TBBPS | SPME | / | HPLC-UV | (22) | |
| TBBPS | MSPE | / | HPLC-UV | (41) | |
| TBBPA | US-DLLME | / | HPLC-UV | (44) | |
| TBBPA | SPE | / | HPLC-UV | (33) | |
| TBBPA | MSPE | / | HPLC-UV | (2) | |
| TBBPA, TBBPS | LLE | / | HPLC-ICP-MS/MS | (19) | |
| TBBPA, HBCD | DI-SPME | / | HPLC-ESI-MS | (20) | |
| TBBPA, HBCD | SPE, PLE | silica gel/aluminium oxide or Florisil® | LC-MS/MS | (13) | |
| TBBPA, HBCD | PLE | SPE | LC-ESI-MS/MS | (37) | |
| Sediment | PBDE | UAE | SPE | GC-EI-MS | (40) |
| PBDE | PLE | silica gel/aluminium oxide or Florisil® | GC-EI-HRMS | (13) | |
| PBDE | Soxhlet | silica gel | GC-EI-MS | (32) | |
| PBDE | Soxhlet | GPC/silica gel | GC-HRMS | (46) | |
| PBB, PBDE | Soxhlet | multilayer silica gel | HRGC-HRMS/GC-ECD | (10) | |
| PBB, PBDE | UAE | silica gel | GC-EI-MS | (52) | |
| HBCD | Soxhlet | multilayer silica gel | HPLC-MS/MS | (55) | |
| TBBPA, HBCD | PLE | SPE | LC-ESI-MS/MS | (37) | |
| TBBPA, HBCD | UAE | silica gel/aluminium oxide or Florisil® | LC-MS/MS | (13) | |
| TBBPA | Soxhlet, LLE | silica gel | HPLC-ESI-MS/MS | (36) | |
| TBBPA | Soxhlet | silica gel | HPLC-ESI-MS | (61) |
Table 2
Review of methods used to analyse brominated flame retardants in biological samples
| Sample | Compounds | Extraction technique | Extract purification | Detection technique | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fish | PBDE | QuEChERS with ultrasound | SPE | GC-ICP-MS/MS | (57) |
| PBDE | SLE | H2SO4 (conc.) | GC-EI-MS | (49) | |
| PBDE | Soxhlet | GPC/silica gel | GC-HRMS | (46) | |
| PBDE | MAE | GPC/SPE | GC-MS | (48) | |
| PBDE | Soxhlet, PLE, MAE | silica gel | HRGC-EI-HRMS | (45) | |
| PBDE, PBB | PLE | H2SO4 (conc.)/aluminium oxide | GC-NCI-MS | (47) | |
| PBDE, PBB | SLE | aluminium oxide | HRGC-HRMS | (56) | |
| PBB | Soxhlet | GPC/silica gel/aluminium oxide | GC-ECD, GC-MS/MS | (50) | |
| TBBPA | SLE, MSPE | / | HPLC-UV | (2) | |
| TBBPA, HBCD | PLE | SPE | LC-ESI-MS/MS | (37) | |
| Bivalves and fish | PBDE | SLE, MAE, UAE | Florisil® | GC-ICP-MS | (35) |
| PBDE | QuEChERS | SPE, GPC | GC-EI-MS/MS | (39) | |
| Bivalves | PBDE | SLE | silica gel/aluminium oxide or Florisil® | GC-HRMS | (13) |
| TBBPA, HBCD | UAE | silica gel/aluminium oxide or Florisil® | LC-MS/MS | (13) |
Table 3
Mass fractions/concentrations of ΣPBBs, ΣPBDEs, TBBPA, TBBPS, and ΣHBCD detected in different compartments of aquatic environment worldwide
| Location (number of analysed congeners in square brackets) | Sample type | Ref. | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| River water (ng/L) | Lake water (ng/L) | Seawater (ng/L) | Wastewater (ng/L) | Sediment (ng/g dw) | Fish (ang/g ww or bng/g lw) | |||
| PBB | Yaner Bay, China [4] Sewage treatment plants, China [4] | 112400 | 43800–44300 | (6) | ||||
| Three Gorges Reservoar, China [22] | 0.0278–0.1557a | (62) | ||||||
| Vaal River, South Africa [2] | 3.3–18 | (52) | ||||||
| North Sea, France [5] Baltic Sea, Poland [5] | 0.00057–2.116a 0.0455–0.635a | (50) | ||||||
| PBDE | Yellow River, China [14] | 0.491–17.4 | 0.0357–43.0 | (32) | ||||
| Beijing, China [7] | 0.0236–1.255 | (63) | ||||||
| Bailianghe River, China [8] | 45.8–560b | (49) | ||||||
| Shandong Province, China [6] | 0.26–1.02a | (57) | ||||||
| Three Gorges Reservoar, China [27] | 0.023–0.218 | (62) | ||||||
| England [10] | 0.0092–0.1715 | (64) | ||||||
| Latvia [8] | <LOD | <LOD | 0.01–0.13 | (46) | ||||
| Sava River, Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia [7] | 0.24–0.83a | (35) | ||||||
| Evrotas River, Greece [8] | <LOD–4.52 | 9.32–116b | (65) | |||||
| Ancona, Italy [15] | 0.013–0.418a | (39) | ||||||
| Las Tunas River, Cipolleti Lake, Argentina [4] | <LOD(4) | <LOD(4) | (31) | |||||
| Ashley and Cooper River, Charleston Harbor, US [8] | 0.02–3.74a | (66) | ||||||
| Chenab River, Pakistan [8] | 0.48–73.4 | 0.35–88.1 | (67) | |||||
| South Korea [27] | <LOD–0.74 | 0.16–7.09 | <LOD–14.68*b | (13) | ||||
| Tongyeong Bay, South Korea [19] | 1.58–6.94 | 2.18–307 | 4.7–37*b | (59) | ||||
| Ga-Selati River, Africa [7] | <LOD–0.29a | (68) | ||||||
| Vaal River, South Africa [8] | 20–98 | (52) | ||||||
| Brisbane River, Australia [8] | 0.01–12.4 | (69) | ||||||
| Antarctica [12] | <LODa | (70) | ||||||
| TBBPS | Shandong Province, China Xiaoqing River, China | <LOD | 12100 | (22) | ||||
| Pan River, China | <LOD | (19) | ||||||
| TBBPA | Northern China | <LOD–1800 | (71) | |||||
| Shandong Province, China Xiaoqing River, China | <LOD | 19300 | (22) | |||||
| Shandong Province, China Pan river, China | <LOD | 8.41–3.15 | (19) | |||||
| Weihe River, Northwest China | <LOD–12.279 | <LOD–3.889 | (61) | |||||
| South Japan | 0.01–0.11a | (72) | ||||||
| South Korea | <LOD–2790 | <LOD–0.61 | <LOD–158*b | (13) | ||||
| Lake Erie, Canada | <LOD–0.51 | (36) | ||||||
| England | 0.14–3.2 | 0.33–3.8 | <LOD–1.7b | (37) | ||||
| HBCD | Weihe River, Northwest China [3] | <LOD–4.04 | (55) | |||||
| South Korea [3] | <LOD–0.2 | 3.47–168 | <LOD–67.52*b | (13) | ||||
| Brisbane River, Australia [3] | 0.04–9.9 | (69) | ||||||
| England [3] | 0.08–0.270 | 0.88–4.8 | 14–290b | (37) | ||||
* – bivalve samples; Average annual concentration of Environmental Quality Standard: PBDEs – 0.14 μg/L for inland; 0.014 μg/L for other surface waters; 0.0085 ng/g ww in biota (fish); HBCD – 0.0016 μg/L for inland and 0.0008 μg/L for other surface waters; 167 ng/g ww in biota (fish) (27)