Oxidative and apoptotic effects of fluoxetine and its metabolite norfluoxetine in Daphnia magna

Över, Sevgi Başalan; Güven, Celal; Taskin, Eylem; Sevgiler, Yusuf

doi:10.2478/aiht-2020-71-3473

Figures & Tables

Chronic effects of fluoxetine, norfluoxetine, and their combinations at environmental or 10-fold environmental concentrations on mitochondrial membrane potential in Daphnia magna (200 μm)

Effects of fluoxetine, norfluoxetine, and their combinations at subacute, 100-fold environmental concentrations on mitochondrial membrane potential in Daphnia magna (200 μm)

Chronic effects of fluoxetine, norfluoxetine, and their combinations at environmental or 10-fold environmental concentrations on cytochrome c and ERK 1/2 protein levels in Daphnia magna. A – control; B– fluoxetine; C– norfluoxetine; D– fluoxetine+norfluoxetine; E – 10 x fluoxetine; F – 10 x norfluoxetine; G– 10 x fluoxetine+10 x norfluoxetine

Subacute effects of fluoxetine, norfluoxetine, and their combinations at 100-fold environmental concentrations on cytochrome c and ERK1/2 protein levels in Daphnia magna. A – control; B – 100 x fluoxetine; C – 100 x norfluoxetine; D – 100 x fluoxetine+100 x norfluoxetine

Effects of fluoxetine (Flx), norfluoxetine (NorFlx), and their combinations on GPx, ChE, TBARS, and total protein levels in Daphnia magna

	GPx (μmol/min/mg protein)	ChE (μmol/min/mg protein)	TBARS (nmol/mg protein)	Total proteins (mg/mL)
Chronic
Control	0.047±0.010^a	0.010±0.003^ab	8.169±2.892^a	1.143±0.271^a
Flx	0.048±0.002^a	0.012±0.001^bc	8.413±0.999^a	0.972±0.038^a
NorFlx	0.051±0.004^a	0.014±0.001^c	11.670±1.347^ab	0.996±0.032^a
Flx+NorFlx	0.056±0.010^ac	0.012±0.002^bc	8.750±1.106^a	0.948±0.037^a
10 x Flx	0.086±0.003^b	0.014±0.001^c	16.354±3.315^b	0.909±0.028^a
10 x NorFlx	0.062±0.010^c	0.010±0.001^ab	21.840±6.003^c	0.966±0.125^a
10 x Flx+10 x NorFlx	0.050±0.005^a	0.007±0.002^a	15.600±3.283^b	1.029±0.098^a
Subacute*
Control	0.063±0.005^a	0.016±0.003^a	10.635±3.731^a	0.681±0.107^a
100 x Flx	0.175±0.071^bc	0.058±0.020^b	67.963±32.735^b	0.365±0.048^b
100 x NorFlx	0.273±0.221^b	0.053±0.009^b	24.030±7.179^c	0.278±0.071^b
100 x Flx+100 x NorFlx	0.129±0.042^c	0.054±0.012^b	35.388±15.764^bc	0.297±0.069^b

Chronic effects of fluoxetine, norfluoxetine, and their combinations at environmental or 10-fold environmental concentrations on brood production of D_ magna

	1^st generation offspring	2^nd generation offspring	3^rd generation offspring	4^th generation offspring	5^th generation offspring	Average
Control	76.8±13.6^a	50.1±16.5^ac	44.1±16.4^a	73.9±15.3^a	84.8±32.3^ac	65.9±25.1^a
Flx	79.8±24.4^ac	46.2±5.7^a	62.7±18.1^b	78.7±32.1^a	81.3±29.7^a	69.7±26.9^a
NorFlx	143.3±44.7^b	69.5±25.4^cdf	140.7±51.8^c	135.6±64.2^bc	62.2±22.8^cd	110.3±56.6^b
Flx+NorFlx	126.3±29.9^b	94.3±43.4^bd	144.3±29.5^c	135.3±68.1^b	45.4±9.3^b	109.1±53.7^b
10 x Flx	129.5±59.0^bd	53.5±29.2^aeg	60.6±9.3^b	84.9±58.6^ac	41.8±17.4^bd	74.1±48.0^ac
10 x NorFlx	70.6±21.9^a	42.3±26.8^e	57.7±29.9^ab	52.7±33.2^a	67.6±27.6^c	58.2±29.1^c
10 10 x x Flx NorFlx +	98.6±31.8^cd	64.4±20.0^fg	56.8±8.9^b	60.6±48.5^a	42.3±15.5^b	64.5±33.4^ac

Confirmation of water concentrations of fluoxetine (Flx) and norfluoxetine (NorFlx) after serial dilution

Concentrations	0.091 μg/L	0.91 μg/L	9.10 μg/L	0.011 μg/L	0.11 μg/L	1.10 μg/L
Flx	0.090±0.007	1.18±0.06	9.39±0.05	-	-	-
NorFlx	-	-	-	0.010±0.000	0.15±0.01	1.14±0.01

Chronic effects of fluoxetine (Fix), norfluoxetine (NorFlx), and their combinations at environmental or 10-fold environmental concentrations on carapace length, maximum carapace width, and caudal spine length in less than 24 h-old D_ magna offspring bom in experimental beakers

	Carapace length (pm)	Max. carapace width (pm)	Caudal spine length (pm)	Carapace length (pm)	Max. carapace width (pm)	Caudal spine length (pm)	Carapace length (pm)	Max. carapace width (pm)	Caudal spine length (pm)
	1st generation offspring			2nd generation offspring			3rd generation offspring
Control	777.6±50.4	430.0±41.0	403.2±30.4	880.9±85.9^a	473.7±86.9^acd	415.3±31.5	847.0±46.1^a	490.6±52.8^ad	411.5±42.8^a
Flx	773.0±37.3	414.5±43.1	385.2±26.4	827.8±76.1^b	437.5±62.9^c	400.6±33.1	806.9±45.7^b	475.6±53.6^ac	371.2±42.0^b
NorFlx	748.5±30.4	408.5±38.9	354.0±34.6	842.3±72.5^b	448.5±66.1^ac	403.5±28.6	838.7±41.8^a	475.0±38.9^ac	378.1±44.4^bc
Flx+NorFlx	774.2±33.9	420.9±47.8	367.0±29.3	857.3±56.1^a	466.0±55.1^ad	397.4±32.3	812.4±45.2^b	469.2±45.4^bc	369.7±39.9^b
10 x Flx	742.6±32.7	400.9±45.8	345.1±25.9	874.1±107.5^ab	496.4±97.7^de	406.1±43.0	906.2±80.9^c	524.4±70.2^e	397.3±40.2^ac
10 x NorFlx	764.2±34.6	407.6±36.9	358.8±26.2	893.8±101.5^ac	521.6±78.7^be	401.4±41.7	857.9±69.4^a	492.8±68.0^abf	379.9±41.5^bc
10 x Flx+10 x NorFlx	733.7±34.1	388.5±43.2	349.4±41.9	925.6±102.1^c	544.5±81.9^b	408.0±53.6	915.7±105.3^c	524.0±90.6^def	380.3±56.7^bc
	4th generation offspring			5th generation offspring			Average
Control	887.6±22.5^a	483.0±31.2^a	392.0±31.3^ae	899.7±64.5^a	497.7±49.2^a	385.8±30.3^ac	865.0±70.3^a	478.3±59.6^a	401.0±35.4^a
Flx	842.9±27.4^bd	456.7±33.7^bc	414.1±32.4^b	783.7±58.2^b	446.4±35.1^b	363.0±51.7^a	805.9±58.5^b	444.5±50.0^b	386.8±42.6^b
NorFlx	852.2±55.1^bc	449.7±52.4^b	372.0±28.7^cd	890.9±100.1^c	503.9±71.5^af	389.8±49.7^cb	831.1±78.7^c	455.8±62.4^bd	378.8±41.5^c
Flx+NorFlx	878.8±56.8^a	473.4±60.4^ac	367.7±31.6^d	891.2±94.0^ac	532.3±63.7^c	395.5±35.5^cb	836.7±74.8^c	468.3±65.8^cef	378.7±36.0^c
10 x Flx	845.3±47.1^bd	454.4±37.5^b	395.9±29.0^a	836.9±35.9^d	462.1±30.5^ed	394.0±25.7^b	841.0±86.0^c	467.6±73.6^deg	387.9±39.6^bd
10 x NorFlx	855.9±22.2^c	480.4±24.8^a	394.0±41.5^a	838.4±98.5^e	476.5±69.7^def	386.7±44.6^ab	837.8±84.4^c	472.2±71.4^afg	382.3±41.5^cd
10 x Flx+10 x NorFlx	833.0±42.3^d	465.9±25.9^c	381.0±23.8^ce	833.0±88.7^de	470.2±61.0^be	381.0±45.3^ab	849.9±105.7^c	480.2±84.1^afg	381.0±48.9^cd

Oxidative and apoptotic effects of fluoxetine and its metabolite norfluoxetine in Daphnia magna

Figures & Tables

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Figure 4

Effects of fluoxetine (Flx), norfluoxetine (NorFlx), and their combinations on GPx, ChE, TBARS, and total protein levels in Daphnia magna

Chronic effects of fluoxetine, norfluoxetine, and their combinations at environmental or 10-fold environmental concentrations on brood production of D_ magna

Confirmation of water concentrations of fluoxetine (Flx) and norfluoxetine (NorFlx) after serial dilution

Chronic effects of fluoxetine (Fix), norfluoxetine (NorFlx), and their combinations at environmental or 10-fold environmental concentrations on carapace length, maximum carapace width, and caudal spine length in less than 24 h-old D_ magna offspring bom in experimental beakers

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