GC, GC/MS analysis, and biological effects of Citrus aurantium amara essential oil

Milena D. Vukić; Jovica Branković; Marija S. Ristić

doi:10.2478/ahr-2023-0004

Abstract

Citrus aurantium amara (sour orange) belongs to one of the largest genera of the Rutaceae family. The species of this genus are consumed worldwide as fresh or in form of beverages. They include well-known crops lemons, oranges, mandarins, grapefruits, and limes. The industrial processing of these fruits produces high amounts of waste (around 50%) which is a valuable source of essential oils. Since they are produced mainly from peel, considered waste, these essential oils have great economic value. In that regard, the aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition of the essential oil obtained from the peel of Citrus aurantium amara, as well as to assess the biological effects by the means of antioxidant and antibacterial activity. Results of GC and GC/MS analysis characterized this EO as a valuable source of limonene found in the amount of 90.4% of the total. Results of antioxidant activity indicate better inhibition of ABTS^•+ (44.93 ±1.45%) compared to the DPPH^• (11.03 ±1.08%). Moreover, the results of the antimicrobial assessment using the disc diffusion method displayed low inhibition potency of this essential oil towards G⁺ and G⁻ bacteria and yeast strains.

References

Adams, R. P. (2007). Identification of Essential Oil Components By Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectroscopy. Allured Publishing Corporation (4 th ed.).
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Badalamenti, N., Bruno, M., Schicchi, R., Geraci, A., Leporini, M., Gervasi, L., Tundis, R., & Loizzo, M. R. (2022). Chemical Compositions and Antioxidant Activities of Essential Oils, and Their Combinations, Obtained from Flavedo By-Product of Seven Cultivars of Sicilian Citrus aurantium L. Molecules, 27(5), 1580. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27051580
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Baptista-Silva, S., Borges, S., Ramos, O. L., Pintado, M., & Sarmento, B. (2020). The progress of essential oils as potential therapeutic agents: a review. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 32(4), 279–295. https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2020.1746698
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Bendahaa, H., Bouchalb, B., el Mounsia, I., Salhic, A., Berrabehd, M., el Bellaouib, M., & Mimounia, M. (2016). Chemical composition, antioxidant, antibacterial and antifungal activities of peel essential oils of Citrus aurantium grown in Eastern Morocco. Der Pharmacia Lettre, 8(4), 239–245
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Bora, H., Kamle, M., Mahato, D. K., Tiwari, P., & Kumar, P. (2020). Citrus Essential Oils (CEOs) and Their Applications in Food: An Overview. Plants, 9(3), 357. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9030357
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Bourgou, S., Rahali, F. Z., Ourghemmi, I., & Saïdani Tounsi, M. (2012). Changes of Peel Essential Oil Composition of Four Tunisian Citrus during Fruit Maturation. The Scientific World Journal, 2012, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1100/2012/528593
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Bousbia, N., Vian, M. A., Ferhat, M. A., Meklati, B. Y., & Chemat, F. (2009). A new process for extraction of essential oil from Citrus peels: Microwave hydrodiffusion and gravity. Journal of Food Engineering, 90(3), 409–413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2008.06.034
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Boussaada, O., & Chemli, R. (2006). Chemical Composition of Essential Oils from Flowers, Leaves and Peel of Citrus aurantium L. var. amara from Tunisia. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 9(2), 133–139. https://doi.org/10.1080/0972060X.2006.10643484
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Boussaada, O., & Chemli, R. (2007). Seasonal Variation of Essential Oil Composition of Citrus aurantium L. var. amara. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 10(2), 109–120. https://doi.org/10.1080/0972060X.2007.10643528
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
de Araújo, J. S. F., de Souza, E. L., Oliveira, J. R., Gomes, A. C. A., Kotzebue, L. R. V., da Silva Agostini, D. L., de Oliveira, D. L. V., Mazzetto, S. E., da Silva, A. L., & Cavalcanti, M. T. (2020). Microencapsulation of sweet orange essential oil (Citrus aurantium var. dulcis) by liophylization using maltodextrin and maltodextrin/gelatin mixtures: Preparation, characterization, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 143, 991–999. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.09.160
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
de Moraes Pultrini, A., Almeida Galindo, L., & Costa, M. (2006). Effects of the essential oil from Citrus aurantium L. in experimental anxiety models in mice. Life Sciences, 78(15), 1720–1725. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2005.08.004
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Dosoky, N., & Setzer, W. (2018). Biological Activities and Safety of Citrus spp. Essential Oils. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19(7), 1966. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19071966
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Falleh, H., ben Jemaa, M., Saada, M., & Ksouri, R. (2020). Essential oils: A promising eco-friendly food preservative. Food Chemistry, 330, 127268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127268
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Floegel, A., Kim, D.-O., Chung, S.-J., Koo, S. I., & Chun, O. K. (2011). Comparison of ABTS/DPPH assays to measure antioxidant capacity in popular antioxidant-rich US foods. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 24(7), 1043–1048. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2011.01.008
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Galovičová, L., Čmiková, N., Vukovic, N., Vukic, M., Kowalczewski, P. Ł., Bakay, L., & Kačániová, M. (2022). Chemical Composition, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Antibiofilm and Anti-Insect Activities of Jasminum grandiflorum Essential Oil. Horticulturae, 8(10), 953. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8100953
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
González-Mas, M. C., Rambla, J. L., López-Gresa, M. P., Blázquez, M. A., & Granell, A. (2019). Volatile Compounds in Citrus Essential Oils: A Comprehensive Review. Frontiers in Plant Science, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.00012
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Kalemba, D., Matla, M., & Smętek, A. (2012). Antimicrobial Activities of Essential Oils. In Dietary Phytochemicals and Microbes (pp. 157–183). Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-3926-0_5
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Mahato, N., Sharma, K., Koteswararao, R., Sinha, M., Baral, E., & Cho, M. H. (2019). Citrus essential oils: Extraction, authentication and application in food preservation. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 59(4), 611–625. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2017.1384716
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Mancuso, M., Catalfamo, M., Laganà, P., Rappazzo, A. C., Raymo, V., Zampino, D., & Zaccone, R. (2019). Screening of antimicrobial activity of citrus essential oils against pathogenic bacteria and Candida strains. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 34(3), 187–200. https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.3491
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Mannucci, C., Calapai, F., Cardia, L., Inferrera, G., D’Arena, G., di Pietro, M., Navarra, M., Gangemi, S., Ventura Spagnolo, E., & Calapai, G. (2018). Clinical Pharmacology of Citrus aurantium and Citrus sinensis for the Treatment of Anxiety. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2018, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/3624094
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Pavela, R. (2005). Insecticidal activity of some essential oils against larvae of Spodoptera littoralis. Fitoterapia, 76(7–8), 691–696. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2005.06.001
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Pavela, R., Benelli, G., Pavoni, L., Bonacucina, G., Cespi, M., Cianfaglione, K., Bajalan, I., Morshedloo, M. R., Lupidi, G., Romano, D., Canale, A., & Maggi, F. (2019). Microemulsions for delivery of Apiaceae essential oils – Towards highly effective and eco-friendly mosquito larvicides? Industrial Crops and Products, 129, 631–640. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.11.073
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Popović-Djordjević, J., Cengiz, M., Ozer, M. S., & Sarikurkcu, C. (2019). Calamintha incana: Essential oil composition and biological activity. Industrial Crops and Products, 128, 162–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.11.003
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Proestos, C., Lytoudi, K., Mavromelanidou, O., Zoumpoulakis, P., & Sinanoglou, V. (2013). Antioxidant Capacity of Selected Plant Extracts and Their Essential Oils. Antioxidants, 2(1), 11–22. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox2010011
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Ruiz, B., & Flotats, X. (2014). Citrus essential oils and their influence on the anaerobic digestion process: An overview. Waste Management, 34(11), 2063–2079. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2014.06.026
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Sarrou, E., Chatzopoulou, P., Dimassi-Theriou, K., & Therios, I. (2013). Volatile Constituents and Antioxidant Activity of Peel, Flowers and Leaf Oils of Citrus aurantium L. Growing in Greece. Molecules, 18(9), 10639–10647. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules180910639
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
van den Dool, H., & Dec. Kratz, P. (1963). A generalization of the retention index system including linear temperature programmed gas – liquid partition chromatography. Journal of Chromatography A, 11, 463–471. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)80947-X
Search in Google Scholar Back to article

GC, GC/MS analysis, and biological effects of Citrus aurantium amara essential oil

Abstract

Paradigm

My account