Table 1
The applied antihypertensive treatment in patients with poorly controlled and well controlled hypertension. Data are presented as numbers and percentages of patients undergoing the indicated treatment (in parenthesis)
| Patients with poorly controlled hypertension n=26 | Patients with well controlled hypertension n=25 | |
|---|---|---|
| Alpha blocker | 1 (4%) | 2 (8%) |
| Beta blocker | 16 (62%) | 13 (52%) |
| Calcium channel blocker | 12 (46%) | 12 (48%) |
| Diuretic | 16 (62%) | 13 (52%) |
| ACE inhibitor | 10 (39%) | 11 (44%) |
| Angiotensin receptor blocker | 7 (27%) | 7 (28%) |
| Mono-therapy | 6 (23%) | 6 (24%) |
| 2-drug therapy | 7 (27%) | 9 (36%) |
| 3-drug therapy | 10 (39%) | 7 (28%) |
| 4-drug therapy | 3 (11%) | 2 (8%) |
| 5-drug therapy | 0 (0%) | 1 (4%) |
Table 2
Clinical and laboratory characteristics of the study groups. All data are presented as median and interquartile range
| Variable | Control group (0) n=28 | Patients with newly diagnosed hypertension (1) n=25 | Patients with poorly controlled hypertension (2) n=26 | Patients with well controlled hypertension (3) n=25 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender F/M | F=13 M=15 | F=8 M=17 | F=11 M=15 | F=6 M=19 |
| Age, years | 55.0 (43.5-59.5) | 57.0 (49.0-62.0) | 57.0 (43.0–65.0) | 59.0 (54.0–63.0) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 27.50 (24.83-31.07) | 29.54 (26.23-31.83) | 30.99 (26.47-33.74) | 32.05 (27.77-35.26) |
| SBP, mmHg * | 121 (110-130) | 148 (142-156) | 149 (140-165) | 128 (120-135) |
| DBP, mmHg * | 79 (70-82) | 94 (89-98) | 90 (90-100) | 80 (70-88) |
| PON1, U/ml * | 1.39 (1.19-1.72) | 0.95 (0.58-1.19) | 1.73 (1.37-2.02) | 1.86 (1.74-2.35) |
| Glucose, mmol/l | 5.24 (4.79-5.49) | 5.29 (4.75-5.64) | 5.18 (4.97-5.70) | 5.33 (5.03-5.74) |
| T-C, mmol/l | 5.25 (4.64-6.02) | 5.39 (5.12-6.21) | 5.45 (4.32-6.24) | 5.32 (4.87-6.25) |
| HDL–C, mmol/l | 1.37 (1.22-1.85) | 1.43 (1.28-1.69) | 1.29 (1.08-1.64) | 1.33 (0.99-1.49) |
| LDL–C, mmol/l | 3.31 (2.63-4.10) | 3.46 (2.94-4.02) | 3.41 (2.65-3.93) | 3.26 (2.93-4.35) |
| TG, mmol/l * | 1.28 (0.83-1.73) | 1.55 (1.14-1.83) | 1.85 (1.25-2.76) | 1.47 (1.16-1.94) |
| Hcy, μmol/l * | 13.40 (9.85-16.16) | 15.90 (13.70-19.20) | 16.60 (13.80-18.24) | 15.60 (13.15-20.70) |
| hsCRP, mg/l | 1.25 (0.80-2.20) | 1.40 (0.60-2.10) | 2.35 (1.20-3.80) | 2.50 (1.10-4.30) |
| Creatinine, mmol/l | 75.00 (68.30-79.10) | 77.00 (69.80-87.00) | 78.50 (65.00-89.70) | 77.00 (72.30-88.00) |
| Sodium, mmol/l | 142.0 (142.0-143.0) | 142.0 (142.0-143.0) | 142.0 (141.0-143.0) | 141.0 (140.0-143.0) |
| Potassium, mmol/l | 4.30 (4.20-4.50) | 4.20 (4.10-4.40) | 4.20 (4.00-4.50) | 4.40 (4.20-4.60) |
| WBC, G/l | 6.53 (5.55-7.25) | 6.49 (5.64-7.29) | 7.46 (6.22-8.30) | 7.07 (5.81-8.56) |
| PLT, G/l | 224.0 (184.0-266.0) | 225.0 (209.0-274.0) | 227.0 (214.0-251.0) | 236.0 (174.5-255.5) |
| RBC, T/l | 4.62 (4.43-4.85) | 4.84 (4.63-5.13) | 4.90 (4.78-5.11) | 4.79 (4.61-5.11) |
| HCT, l/l | 0.42 (0.40-0.44) | 0.44 (0.42-0.45) | 0.43 (0.41-0.46) | 0.44 (0.41-0.46) |
| HGB, mmol/l | 8.80 (8.36-9.40) | 9.20 (8.80-9.70) | 9.15 (8.80-9.70) | 9.20 (8.80-9.60) |
[i] Abbreviations: BMI - body mass index, DBP - diastolic blood pressure, F- number of female, HCT - hematocrit, HGB - hemoglobin, Hcy - homocysteine, hsCRP - high sensitivity C - reactive protein, M - number of male, n- the number of patients, PLT - platelet count, RBC- red blood cells, SBP- systolic blood pressure, T-C total cholesterol, HDL-C - high density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C - low density lipoprotein cholesterol, TG - triglycerides, WBC- white blood cells; * indicates statistically significant differences (p<0.05) among study groups (Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA by Ranks) and with post hoc analysis (Dunn test) below:
SBP: (0) vs (1) p<0,0001; (0) vs (2) p<0,0001; (1) vs (3) p<0,0001; (2) vs (3) p<0,0001;
DBP: (0) vs (1) p<0,0001; (0) vs (2) p<0,0001; (1) vs (3) p<0,0001; (2) vs (3) p<0,0001;
TG: (0) vs (2) p=0,0174;
Hcy: (0) vs (1) p=0,0246; (0) vs (2) p=0,0490
Figure 1
The comparison of arylesterase activity of paraoxonase 1 (PON1) among study groups, (0) – control group, (1) – patients with newly diagnosed hypertension, (2) – patients with poorly controlled hypertension, (3) – patients with wellcontroled hypertension:
Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA by Ranks p<0,0001 and post hoc Dunn test analysis:
*(0) vs (3) p=0.0005; **(0) vs (1) p=0.0238; ***(1) vs (2) p<0.0001;
****(1) vs (3) p<0.0001
Table 3
Relationships of PON1 with selected parameters in the studied groups; Spearman’s correlation coefficient is presented if statistically significant (p<0.05)
| Parameters | All study population (0)+(1)+(2)+(3) n=104 | Control group (0) n=28 | Patients diagnosed with hypertension (1)+(2)+(3) n=76 | Patients treated for hypertension (2)+(3) n=51 | Patients with newly diagnosed hypertension (1) n=25 | Patients with poorly controlled hypertension (2) n=26 | Patients with well controlled hypertension (3) n=25 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SBP | -0.2458 | ns | -0.4551 | -0.3710 | ns | ns | ns |
| DBP | -0,2650 | ns | -0,3877 | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| BMI | ns | -0.4246 | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| hsCRP | 0.2077 | ns | 0.2818 | ns | 0.4232 | ns | ns |
| Glucose | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| T-C | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| HDL-C | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| LDL-C | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| TG | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| Hcy | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
[i] SBP – systolic blood pressure, DBP – diastolic blood pressure, BMI – body mass index, hsCRP – high sensitivity C-reactive protein, T-C total cholesterol, HDL-C- high density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C - low density lipoprotein cholesterol, TG- triglicerydes, Hcy- homocysteine, ns- non significant.