Figure 1.
![Solubility of OLZ in (a) solid lipids; (b) surfactants [values expressed as mean ± SD (n=3)].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6470851571e4585e08a9f136/j_afpuc-2024-0004_fig_001.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKLRJC5GEA%2F20251214%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251214T133149Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEGgaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIApyttnJk03ljDDruKsfGPlkQkM4lrAqlOItYs0jnrOeAiEA1JxP5GryO2P0x98BkWxe5mmKH4M3gYMf6PAv91mHdZsqvQUIMRACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDHq0q1Wt%2FWFQRAc6iyqaBVYGYCGyTA7SIBWJR146cCR%2BTM0MljPt8DP%2FQTW%2FEkjRmgsZ3JT3Ztr%2FleE5MM6Mh9IYG%2FIu53pYtA8Oet2jiV96JBgE6ubVefDn1YlFYhqG41oOLfRZUSmzvKw%2FS9qFbLJ%2BYAuiPEVyACF8E%2FJdDvJfw811HwR6g0yCFsmNM3pKMup5T5WDrrLvpLfc0VDE8WsWqZPxjktRIq6ZpTMFg3dZroHiw%2FvV4SCb9xGvcApnEhJpinkfc6g0ym96m2l0eEcM9pfUwSC6HfBXTXPs2nyUx9lInpoqtuY0ZtK%2FuBXjw6vWiTXAP0hXoXm%2BO5Xf9%2Bvmz%2FYHkaX3v3VpMcyLx8JcDgMFGGmBtFZUuq41yfdqhPm3saIHVe3L4%2Fj%2FZ%2FNEw1VZ2LRUKEtmBVqZO0zlUoH4slro6af%2B3HxLyfFM6ADUVFmmoOGg%2FKCaiFi9S39Ezo8IjJGggdifq1wrHMhQgu6vDF5uPzTAAg9EZK%2BQOmdbp2Cv8UtskbnsYUvpmzh6EwvTAHS5yrAtFeJ6YeVsEwmKkh69He7%2Bj65F1qgFtn9l%2B5cN7dU31ff9ry4Y38d5QxHK7Q%2Bubf64yWtR%2BgS01itZXNgonTx7gwSnsqIvZeIigiY1GEN3XAEPSjipNRgFvke005Zy1fcXjt4zTBEitDf4Yt3BK1jzWMZVvn5lNszF5xzkcIZN7xeHxm0b8FTB5ke08wwrBFoJq1maXCram%2F0GDo%2BcNiyX2S0oobKumhSuMfSgQ6R60qK6Wb9XfEaOGSLY4q9WccGktgXESzw3xeP8Vl5ezQudWTGKPE1kUZV1HNfQeiXuV7BIrD4m%2FvGC9MLOuUHOH0W6CUziBQbNKA1ofup1EtqvARCo6hAB8PnkvsvEij8nxxVOTDCQ5%2FnJBjqxAQqQH%2FaIxhlZei68BaYFE2l%2BZcZEnP8TD%2F0byApQdihR1v8u7T8GnyArClffk18p1ufNsXxK9R1EL0NXGOeVEKmM7%2FfdCJO7om8QZNi07REi9IcHyC5wJHlVdvLkiHgF7GXiI1k8vePSopSz3Z55%2Bjv702nVMLUT0ZNxeqEw8qzRMiKbIGDBcJQM%2FJ1AJkJ2U0KQz3UaUgSB5xN6zRbDIHuwnRIj5TMFbfloeapVimpQFQ%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=b11dbefc2d1bd7bf16200702d4875bac3dbd307b9b1b37496f70e47ad3e7cb3d&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 2.
![Percentage desorption of SLNs from DANs prepared with different adsorbents [Values expressed as mean ± SD (N=3)].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6470851571e4585e08a9f136/j_afpuc-2024-0004_fig_002.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKLRJC5GEA%2F20251214%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251214T133149Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEGgaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIApyttnJk03ljDDruKsfGPlkQkM4lrAqlOItYs0jnrOeAiEA1JxP5GryO2P0x98BkWxe5mmKH4M3gYMf6PAv91mHdZsqvQUIMRACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDHq0q1Wt%2FWFQRAc6iyqaBVYGYCGyTA7SIBWJR146cCR%2BTM0MljPt8DP%2FQTW%2FEkjRmgsZ3JT3Ztr%2FleE5MM6Mh9IYG%2FIu53pYtA8Oet2jiV96JBgE6ubVefDn1YlFYhqG41oOLfRZUSmzvKw%2FS9qFbLJ%2BYAuiPEVyACF8E%2FJdDvJfw811HwR6g0yCFsmNM3pKMup5T5WDrrLvpLfc0VDE8WsWqZPxjktRIq6ZpTMFg3dZroHiw%2FvV4SCb9xGvcApnEhJpinkfc6g0ym96m2l0eEcM9pfUwSC6HfBXTXPs2nyUx9lInpoqtuY0ZtK%2FuBXjw6vWiTXAP0hXoXm%2BO5Xf9%2Bvmz%2FYHkaX3v3VpMcyLx8JcDgMFGGmBtFZUuq41yfdqhPm3saIHVe3L4%2Fj%2FZ%2FNEw1VZ2LRUKEtmBVqZO0zlUoH4slro6af%2B3HxLyfFM6ADUVFmmoOGg%2FKCaiFi9S39Ezo8IjJGggdifq1wrHMhQgu6vDF5uPzTAAg9EZK%2BQOmdbp2Cv8UtskbnsYUvpmzh6EwvTAHS5yrAtFeJ6YeVsEwmKkh69He7%2Bj65F1qgFtn9l%2B5cN7dU31ff9ry4Y38d5QxHK7Q%2Bubf64yWtR%2BgS01itZXNgonTx7gwSnsqIvZeIigiY1GEN3XAEPSjipNRgFvke005Zy1fcXjt4zTBEitDf4Yt3BK1jzWMZVvn5lNszF5xzkcIZN7xeHxm0b8FTB5ke08wwrBFoJq1maXCram%2F0GDo%2BcNiyX2S0oobKumhSuMfSgQ6R60qK6Wb9XfEaOGSLY4q9WccGktgXESzw3xeP8Vl5ezQudWTGKPE1kUZV1HNfQeiXuV7BIrD4m%2FvGC9MLOuUHOH0W6CUziBQbNKA1ofup1EtqvARCo6hAB8PnkvsvEij8nxxVOTDCQ5%2FnJBjqxAQqQH%2FaIxhlZei68BaYFE2l%2BZcZEnP8TD%2F0byApQdihR1v8u7T8GnyArClffk18p1ufNsXxK9R1EL0NXGOeVEKmM7%2FfdCJO7om8QZNi07REi9IcHyC5wJHlVdvLkiHgF7GXiI1k8vePSopSz3Z55%2Bjv702nVMLUT0ZNxeqEw8qzRMiKbIGDBcJQM%2FJ1AJkJ2U0KQz3UaUgSB5xN6zRbDIHuwnRIj5TMFbfloeapVimpQFQ%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=9d51ae52a4fbfa0bfa5be4b9257d9f6f34adc68d733eaf9dad74c481264acf69&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 3.
![In-vitro drug release study of OLZ Suspension, SLNs, DANs in (a) 0.1N HCL; (b) PBS pH 6.8; (c) PBS pH 7.4; and (d) three stage multimedia [Values expressed as mean ± SD (N=3)].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6470851571e4585e08a9f136/j_afpuc-2024-0004_fig_003.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKLRJC5GEA%2F20251214%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251214T133149Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEGgaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIApyttnJk03ljDDruKsfGPlkQkM4lrAqlOItYs0jnrOeAiEA1JxP5GryO2P0x98BkWxe5mmKH4M3gYMf6PAv91mHdZsqvQUIMRACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDHq0q1Wt%2FWFQRAc6iyqaBVYGYCGyTA7SIBWJR146cCR%2BTM0MljPt8DP%2FQTW%2FEkjRmgsZ3JT3Ztr%2FleE5MM6Mh9IYG%2FIu53pYtA8Oet2jiV96JBgE6ubVefDn1YlFYhqG41oOLfRZUSmzvKw%2FS9qFbLJ%2BYAuiPEVyACF8E%2FJdDvJfw811HwR6g0yCFsmNM3pKMup5T5WDrrLvpLfc0VDE8WsWqZPxjktRIq6ZpTMFg3dZroHiw%2FvV4SCb9xGvcApnEhJpinkfc6g0ym96m2l0eEcM9pfUwSC6HfBXTXPs2nyUx9lInpoqtuY0ZtK%2FuBXjw6vWiTXAP0hXoXm%2BO5Xf9%2Bvmz%2FYHkaX3v3VpMcyLx8JcDgMFGGmBtFZUuq41yfdqhPm3saIHVe3L4%2Fj%2FZ%2FNEw1VZ2LRUKEtmBVqZO0zlUoH4slro6af%2B3HxLyfFM6ADUVFmmoOGg%2FKCaiFi9S39Ezo8IjJGggdifq1wrHMhQgu6vDF5uPzTAAg9EZK%2BQOmdbp2Cv8UtskbnsYUvpmzh6EwvTAHS5yrAtFeJ6YeVsEwmKkh69He7%2Bj65F1qgFtn9l%2B5cN7dU31ff9ry4Y38d5QxHK7Q%2Bubf64yWtR%2BgS01itZXNgonTx7gwSnsqIvZeIigiY1GEN3XAEPSjipNRgFvke005Zy1fcXjt4zTBEitDf4Yt3BK1jzWMZVvn5lNszF5xzkcIZN7xeHxm0b8FTB5ke08wwrBFoJq1maXCram%2F0GDo%2BcNiyX2S0oobKumhSuMfSgQ6R60qK6Wb9XfEaOGSLY4q9WccGktgXESzw3xeP8Vl5ezQudWTGKPE1kUZV1HNfQeiXuV7BIrD4m%2FvGC9MLOuUHOH0W6CUziBQbNKA1ofup1EtqvARCo6hAB8PnkvsvEij8nxxVOTDCQ5%2FnJBjqxAQqQH%2FaIxhlZei68BaYFE2l%2BZcZEnP8TD%2F0byApQdihR1v8u7T8GnyArClffk18p1ufNsXxK9R1EL0NXGOeVEKmM7%2FfdCJO7om8QZNi07REi9IcHyC5wJHlVdvLkiHgF7GXiI1k8vePSopSz3Z55%2Bjv702nVMLUT0ZNxeqEw8qzRMiKbIGDBcJQM%2FJ1AJkJ2U0KQz3UaUgSB5xN6zRbDIHuwnRIj5TMFbfloeapVimpQFQ%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=12d6909d69f2cd6f1fa1579ff038055913c3a7ce3aeed48beb0b3648bc6c1ce4&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 4.
Figure 5.
Figure 6.
Figure 7.
![Ex-vivo intestinal permeability of OLZ suspension and SLNs [through treated and untreated jejunum] [values expressed as mean ± SD (N=3)].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6470851571e4585e08a9f136/j_afpuc-2024-0004_fig_007.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKLRJC5GEA%2F20251214%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251214T133149Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEGgaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIApyttnJk03ljDDruKsfGPlkQkM4lrAqlOItYs0jnrOeAiEA1JxP5GryO2P0x98BkWxe5mmKH4M3gYMf6PAv91mHdZsqvQUIMRACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDHq0q1Wt%2FWFQRAc6iyqaBVYGYCGyTA7SIBWJR146cCR%2BTM0MljPt8DP%2FQTW%2FEkjRmgsZ3JT3Ztr%2FleE5MM6Mh9IYG%2FIu53pYtA8Oet2jiV96JBgE6ubVefDn1YlFYhqG41oOLfRZUSmzvKw%2FS9qFbLJ%2BYAuiPEVyACF8E%2FJdDvJfw811HwR6g0yCFsmNM3pKMup5T5WDrrLvpLfc0VDE8WsWqZPxjktRIq6ZpTMFg3dZroHiw%2FvV4SCb9xGvcApnEhJpinkfc6g0ym96m2l0eEcM9pfUwSC6HfBXTXPs2nyUx9lInpoqtuY0ZtK%2FuBXjw6vWiTXAP0hXoXm%2BO5Xf9%2Bvmz%2FYHkaX3v3VpMcyLx8JcDgMFGGmBtFZUuq41yfdqhPm3saIHVe3L4%2Fj%2FZ%2FNEw1VZ2LRUKEtmBVqZO0zlUoH4slro6af%2B3HxLyfFM6ADUVFmmoOGg%2FKCaiFi9S39Ezo8IjJGggdifq1wrHMhQgu6vDF5uPzTAAg9EZK%2BQOmdbp2Cv8UtskbnsYUvpmzh6EwvTAHS5yrAtFeJ6YeVsEwmKkh69He7%2Bj65F1qgFtn9l%2B5cN7dU31ff9ry4Y38d5QxHK7Q%2Bubf64yWtR%2BgS01itZXNgonTx7gwSnsqIvZeIigiY1GEN3XAEPSjipNRgFvke005Zy1fcXjt4zTBEitDf4Yt3BK1jzWMZVvn5lNszF5xzkcIZN7xeHxm0b8FTB5ke08wwrBFoJq1maXCram%2F0GDo%2BcNiyX2S0oobKumhSuMfSgQ6R60qK6Wb9XfEaOGSLY4q9WccGktgXESzw3xeP8Vl5ezQudWTGKPE1kUZV1HNfQeiXuV7BIrD4m%2FvGC9MLOuUHOH0W6CUziBQbNKA1ofup1EtqvARCo6hAB8PnkvsvEij8nxxVOTDCQ5%2FnJBjqxAQqQH%2FaIxhlZei68BaYFE2l%2BZcZEnP8TD%2F0byApQdihR1v8u7T8GnyArClffk18p1ufNsXxK9R1EL0NXGOeVEKmM7%2FfdCJO7om8QZNi07REi9IcHyC5wJHlVdvLkiHgF7GXiI1k8vePSopSz3Z55%2Bjv702nVMLUT0ZNxeqEw8qzRMiKbIGDBcJQM%2FJ1AJkJ2U0KQz3UaUgSB5xN6zRbDIHuwnRIj5TMFbfloeapVimpQFQ%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=f04fa7bb58e2654dd766701d8f1cea62f19174cee897bd4b1379c643e5e6e8da&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Effect of ST on particle size, PDI and EE_
| Batch No. | SL (0.5%w/v) | OLZ (mg) | Surfactant (0.2%w/v) 70:30 | VD (mL) | ST (min) | Particle size (nm) | PdI | EE(%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F18 | PRE | 10 | KELP+T80 | 10 | 5 | 303.3 | 0.629 | 54 |
| F14 | PRE | 10 | KELP+T80 | 10 | 10 | 256.3 | 0.563 | 59 |
| F19 | PRE | 10 | KELP+T80 | 10 | 15 | 238.0 | 0.274 | 67 |
Effect of LC on particle size, PDI and EE_
| Batch No. | SL: PRE (%w/v) | OLZ (mg) | Surfactant (0.2%w/v) | VD (mL) | ST (min) | Particle size (nm) | PdI | EE(%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F7 | 0.45 | 10 | KELP | 10 | 10 | 247.1 | 0.325 | 26 |
| F1 | 0.50 | 10 | KELP | 10 | 10 | 253.7 | 0.076 | 49 |
| F8 | 0.55 | 10 | KELP | 10 | 10 | 267.3 | 0.494 | 52 |
Effect of surfactant on particle size, PDI and EE_
| Batch No. | SL (0.5%w/v) | OLZ (mg) | Surfactant (0.2%w/v) | VD (mL) | ST (min) | Particle size (nm) | PdI | EE(%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F1 | PRE | 10 | KELP | 10 | 10 | 253.7 | 0.076 | 49 |
| F10 | PRE | 10 | KRH40 | 10 | 10 | 298.0 | 0.416 | 26 |
| F11 | PRE | 10 | T80 | 10 | 10 | 647.1 | 0.303 | 58 |
| F12 | PRE | 10 | KELP+T80 | 10 | 10 | 288.5 | 0.413 | 61 |
Effect of surfactant ratio on particle size, PDI and EE_
| Batch No. | SL (0.5%w/v) | OLZ (mg) | Surfactant: KELP+T80 (0.2%w/v) | VD (mL) | ST (min) | Particle size (nm) | PdI | EE(%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F12 | PRE | 10 | 50:50 | 10 | 10 | 288.5 | 0.413 | 61 |
| F13 | PRE | 10 | 60:40 | 10 | 10 | 266.9 | 0.596 | 59 |
| F14 | PRE | 10 | 70:30 | 10 | 10 | 256.3 | 0.563 | 59 |
| F15 | PRE | 10 | 80:20 | 10 | 10 | 241.6 | 0.283 | 51 |
Effect of SC on particle size, PDI and EE_
| Batch No. | SL (0.5%w/v) | OLZ (mg) | Surfactant: KELP+T80 (70:30) | VD (mL) | ST (min) | Particle size (nm) | PdI | EE(%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F16 | PRE | 10 | 0.15 | 10 | 10 | 309.7 | 1.000 | 63 |
| F14 | PRE | 10 | 0.20 | 10 | 10 | 256.3 | 0.563 | 59 |
| F17 | PRE | 10 | 0.25 | 10 | 10 | 215.8 | 0.026 | 48 |
Linearity and diffusion exponent from kinetic plots for different mediums used for in-vitro drug release study for OLZ SLNs DANs
| Media | Model | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zero order (R2) | First order (R2) | Higuchi (R2) | Korsemeyer–Peppas | ||
| R2 | Diffusion exponent (n) | ||||
| 0.1 N HCL | 0.487 | 0.585 | 0.689 | 0.986 | 0.415 |
| PBS pH 6.8 | 0.866 | 0.940 | 0.970 | 0.984 | 0.434 |
| PBS pH 7.4 | 0.870 | 0.959 | 0.971 | 0.985 | 0.481 |
| Three stage multimedia | 0.416 | 0.640 | 0.961 | 0.837 | 0.264 |
Effect of DC on particle size, PDI and EE_
| Batch No. | SL (0.5%w/v) | OLZ (mg) | Surfactant (0.2%w/v) | VD (mL) | ST (min) | Particle size (nm) | PdI | EE(%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F1 | PRE | 10 | KELP | 10 | 10 | 253.7 | 0.076 | 49 |
| F9 | PRE | 12.5 | KELP | 10 | 10 | 299.0 | 0.217 | 53 |
Effect of STM on particle size, PDI and EE_
| Batch No. | SL (0.5%w/v) | OLZ (mg) | Surfactant (0.2%w/v) 70:30 | VD (mL) | ST (min) | STM | Particle size (nm) | PdI | EE(%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F20 | PRE | 10 | KELP+T80 | 10 | 10 | 2-8 | 285.8 | 0.425 | 38 |
| F19 | PRE | 10 | KELP+T80 | 10 | 10 | RT | 238.0 | 0.274 | 67 |
Screening of adsorbents_
| Adsorbent | Mannitol | Lactose | KCL | NUS2 | NUS2 + Mannitol | NUS2 + Lactose | NUS2 + ACL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Particle size (nm) | 401.2 | 308.4 | 382.9 | 364.8 | 361.9 | 463.3 | 302.4 |
| PdI | 0.400 | 0.298 | 0.455 | 0.410 | 0.599 | 0.852 | 0.494 |
| HR | Poor | Fair | Passable | Passable | Good | Good | Good |
| CI | Poor | Fair | Fair | Fair | Good | Good | Good |
| Angle of repose | Excellent | Excellent | good | Excellent | Excellent | Excellent | Excellent |
| Remarks | Fungal growth | Particles in the range of 5000 nm also present | Rat Holing | - | Fungal growth | Particles in the range of 5000 nm also present | - |
Effect of SL on particle size, PDI and EE_
| Batch No. | SL (0.5%w/v) | OLZ (mg) | Surfactant (0.2%w/v) | VD (mL) | ST (min) | Particle size (nm) | PdI | EE (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F1 | PRE | 10 | KELP | 10 | 10 | 253.7 | 0.076 | 49 |
| F2 | GMS | 10 | KELP | 10 | 10 | 527.0 | 0.709 | 54 |
| F3 | CMPR | 10 | KELP | 10 | 10 | 630.0 | 1.000 | 47 |
| F4 | PRE + GMS | 10 | KELP | 10 | 10 | 328.2 | 0.312 | 50 |
| F5 | PRE+CMPR | 10 | KELP | 10 | 10 | 164.0 | 0.482 | 40 |
| F6 | GMS+CMPR | 10 | KELP | 10 | 10 | 719.3 | 0.203 | 45 |
Effect of VD on particle size, PDI and EE_
| Batch No. | SL (0.5%w/v) | OLZ (mg) | Surfactants (0.2%w/v) 70:30 | VD (mL) | ST (min) | Particle size (nm) | PdI | EE(%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F21 | PRE | 10 | KELP+T80 | 5 | 10 | 222.2 | 0.031 | 31 |
| F19 | PRE | 10 | KELP+T80 | 10 | 10 | 238.0 | 0.274 | 67 |