Figure 1.
![Solubility of OLZ in (a) solid lipids; (b) surfactants [values expressed as mean ± SD (n=3)].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6470851571e4585e08a9f136/j_afpuc-2024-0004_fig_001.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKKIREEBEP%2F20260320%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260320T124742Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEGcaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIETw6c1IZpeuC%2Fj329aggTRJs%2FR5mCEKDWgDpoCYpHahAiEAup8AX7YtSW1%2Fp3j9%2FcKEaLiZazKkKlVb7FhRPCahPq4quwUIMBACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDMM3XGRS6Ko8nPv%2BdSqYBS4mvv%2Fm%2BkisSWXc%2B1aWNPIHIz3U%2Fh0Ku74mrBpqyyMK8IW3RRzRR%2FlDOIIHMLh%2B1olFKvQKLLaEMwTUKdxmlmSbqZy6c13RRmRUHW6qxfMFZcbDam7KmZtCyao3KTQi8bZkmabQbpz66dWsng4ExVPxmjvGsr3G7dU6behtp31jdAk7RG6u4S63cmu7qjXl4A6Tp%2F%2FvXCeubXblbqJG%2FYGSAi5fhFXkcgRb%2FWvaxhQpHd9qasMpGVaVfaAjbaV4b8XH5G%2FPhI7qdl6dRBrx%2FV%2BOKeLvgVMI6KBCD4gJa5B9YawbQJzAlItxpt9FnLxlKMI1ftqekuO92hFNfQKsd%2BLLdpQ%2BTDC8%2FEvh9pcdKmROZ%2B33cGAhdi%2FyE2VvwnfTdHI%2FB3E0xfBgjPCQq3I7%2BWHeiY6qhZ2ydhjaukpDU9NRzwf844ZgqJrnPqSftxKFyLbV49KIosuCg1giqM%2BIQ20QtwaSOKYMzB8KqvSvtJ3sGDHdUnn%2FLPki9VOCYE%2BA2iVUw5ONB%2FNu4wkcxz7cAXCd6w5ZoQNaP9xfXybsrCyLZl9%2F2Ym4yP%2FNefgeZ301Gdivsd1xyXebkMgiWW6Phh9XiCxBLsFpdsScDi7Tk%2B0AHZLADReYNXg1%2B3pvk3kk%2B%2Bo4nwku7ODfo91QebBn%2BmRHI8D51BzoHY0nZeHk5Fr4dWgMS51m73nkIBqQo5X4FrJcuBlaWBkJDlihg5wYwuHm1dBFTDbSSquTAyA84UazvtvEVq3ni8WtqakbbUzFciF4qeN75UNztj89ZojtBDxb5OogVSTW4otsPApd1gWM8Ll2MY7daXWTcVD%2BD%2FjIbMc6zHUAw%2BKaqHb0jJ%2FG3%2B%2FgZelmdFloRLigz3dUMNFiMBLFur5bWnUwv%2BHzzQY6sQHW0KtxIHKURXHohYuh8IMmSL2UcI1N0%2F7FDnWYH%2F%2FYXzksDvROkiKcJWkAHp1xP2LNQ4d9zGZUMrLwYnElLtvZVJkmfJVaWbf23cUR%2FrTcWJNd6uYI%2BPCHtpoMTrcMo9qs2m4HiS7VkXrLiqkF2EHRsOdYXLMMmW02mPWuLiGb94GcKKt7UB%2B0ez1noECSCRLkLF4XkogXv5mbTnv%2BJc55RtOHqyjJ9jvIrqvtAd4xHbg%3D&X-Amz-Signature=f28b8b442c003b01c3fdba38bb6d22ab0b74903c5d73579cb73801556355cc0a&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 2.
![Percentage desorption of SLNs from DANs prepared with different adsorbents [Values expressed as mean ± SD (N=3)].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6470851571e4585e08a9f136/j_afpuc-2024-0004_fig_002.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKKIREEBEP%2F20260320%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260320T124742Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEGcaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIETw6c1IZpeuC%2Fj329aggTRJs%2FR5mCEKDWgDpoCYpHahAiEAup8AX7YtSW1%2Fp3j9%2FcKEaLiZazKkKlVb7FhRPCahPq4quwUIMBACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDMM3XGRS6Ko8nPv%2BdSqYBS4mvv%2Fm%2BkisSWXc%2B1aWNPIHIz3U%2Fh0Ku74mrBpqyyMK8IW3RRzRR%2FlDOIIHMLh%2B1olFKvQKLLaEMwTUKdxmlmSbqZy6c13RRmRUHW6qxfMFZcbDam7KmZtCyao3KTQi8bZkmabQbpz66dWsng4ExVPxmjvGsr3G7dU6behtp31jdAk7RG6u4S63cmu7qjXl4A6Tp%2F%2FvXCeubXblbqJG%2FYGSAi5fhFXkcgRb%2FWvaxhQpHd9qasMpGVaVfaAjbaV4b8XH5G%2FPhI7qdl6dRBrx%2FV%2BOKeLvgVMI6KBCD4gJa5B9YawbQJzAlItxpt9FnLxlKMI1ftqekuO92hFNfQKsd%2BLLdpQ%2BTDC8%2FEvh9pcdKmROZ%2B33cGAhdi%2FyE2VvwnfTdHI%2FB3E0xfBgjPCQq3I7%2BWHeiY6qhZ2ydhjaukpDU9NRzwf844ZgqJrnPqSftxKFyLbV49KIosuCg1giqM%2BIQ20QtwaSOKYMzB8KqvSvtJ3sGDHdUnn%2FLPki9VOCYE%2BA2iVUw5ONB%2FNu4wkcxz7cAXCd6w5ZoQNaP9xfXybsrCyLZl9%2F2Ym4yP%2FNefgeZ301Gdivsd1xyXebkMgiWW6Phh9XiCxBLsFpdsScDi7Tk%2B0AHZLADReYNXg1%2B3pvk3kk%2B%2Bo4nwku7ODfo91QebBn%2BmRHI8D51BzoHY0nZeHk5Fr4dWgMS51m73nkIBqQo5X4FrJcuBlaWBkJDlihg5wYwuHm1dBFTDbSSquTAyA84UazvtvEVq3ni8WtqakbbUzFciF4qeN75UNztj89ZojtBDxb5OogVSTW4otsPApd1gWM8Ll2MY7daXWTcVD%2BD%2FjIbMc6zHUAw%2BKaqHb0jJ%2FG3%2B%2FgZelmdFloRLigz3dUMNFiMBLFur5bWnUwv%2BHzzQY6sQHW0KtxIHKURXHohYuh8IMmSL2UcI1N0%2F7FDnWYH%2F%2FYXzksDvROkiKcJWkAHp1xP2LNQ4d9zGZUMrLwYnElLtvZVJkmfJVaWbf23cUR%2FrTcWJNd6uYI%2BPCHtpoMTrcMo9qs2m4HiS7VkXrLiqkF2EHRsOdYXLMMmW02mPWuLiGb94GcKKt7UB%2B0ez1noECSCRLkLF4XkogXv5mbTnv%2BJc55RtOHqyjJ9jvIrqvtAd4xHbg%3D&X-Amz-Signature=ad0f874954b285d74d65bf8ec5c4aba85d60511e42f59e19723c83e489627096&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 3.
![In-vitro drug release study of OLZ Suspension, SLNs, DANs in (a) 0.1N HCL; (b) PBS pH 6.8; (c) PBS pH 7.4; and (d) three stage multimedia [Values expressed as mean ± SD (N=3)].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6470851571e4585e08a9f136/j_afpuc-2024-0004_fig_003.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKKIREEBEP%2F20260320%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260320T124742Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEGcaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIETw6c1IZpeuC%2Fj329aggTRJs%2FR5mCEKDWgDpoCYpHahAiEAup8AX7YtSW1%2Fp3j9%2FcKEaLiZazKkKlVb7FhRPCahPq4quwUIMBACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDMM3XGRS6Ko8nPv%2BdSqYBS4mvv%2Fm%2BkisSWXc%2B1aWNPIHIz3U%2Fh0Ku74mrBpqyyMK8IW3RRzRR%2FlDOIIHMLh%2B1olFKvQKLLaEMwTUKdxmlmSbqZy6c13RRmRUHW6qxfMFZcbDam7KmZtCyao3KTQi8bZkmabQbpz66dWsng4ExVPxmjvGsr3G7dU6behtp31jdAk7RG6u4S63cmu7qjXl4A6Tp%2F%2FvXCeubXblbqJG%2FYGSAi5fhFXkcgRb%2FWvaxhQpHd9qasMpGVaVfaAjbaV4b8XH5G%2FPhI7qdl6dRBrx%2FV%2BOKeLvgVMI6KBCD4gJa5B9YawbQJzAlItxpt9FnLxlKMI1ftqekuO92hFNfQKsd%2BLLdpQ%2BTDC8%2FEvh9pcdKmROZ%2B33cGAhdi%2FyE2VvwnfTdHI%2FB3E0xfBgjPCQq3I7%2BWHeiY6qhZ2ydhjaukpDU9NRzwf844ZgqJrnPqSftxKFyLbV49KIosuCg1giqM%2BIQ20QtwaSOKYMzB8KqvSvtJ3sGDHdUnn%2FLPki9VOCYE%2BA2iVUw5ONB%2FNu4wkcxz7cAXCd6w5ZoQNaP9xfXybsrCyLZl9%2F2Ym4yP%2FNefgeZ301Gdivsd1xyXebkMgiWW6Phh9XiCxBLsFpdsScDi7Tk%2B0AHZLADReYNXg1%2B3pvk3kk%2B%2Bo4nwku7ODfo91QebBn%2BmRHI8D51BzoHY0nZeHk5Fr4dWgMS51m73nkIBqQo5X4FrJcuBlaWBkJDlihg5wYwuHm1dBFTDbSSquTAyA84UazvtvEVq3ni8WtqakbbUzFciF4qeN75UNztj89ZojtBDxb5OogVSTW4otsPApd1gWM8Ll2MY7daXWTcVD%2BD%2FjIbMc6zHUAw%2BKaqHb0jJ%2FG3%2B%2FgZelmdFloRLigz3dUMNFiMBLFur5bWnUwv%2BHzzQY6sQHW0KtxIHKURXHohYuh8IMmSL2UcI1N0%2F7FDnWYH%2F%2FYXzksDvROkiKcJWkAHp1xP2LNQ4d9zGZUMrLwYnElLtvZVJkmfJVaWbf23cUR%2FrTcWJNd6uYI%2BPCHtpoMTrcMo9qs2m4HiS7VkXrLiqkF2EHRsOdYXLMMmW02mPWuLiGb94GcKKt7UB%2B0ez1noECSCRLkLF4XkogXv5mbTnv%2BJc55RtOHqyjJ9jvIrqvtAd4xHbg%3D&X-Amz-Signature=8cb6f32085d6f0b28fcc379400d6beafe95e181460e2cde5ae5d165e9f8631ea&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 4.
Figure 5.
Figure 6.
Figure 7.
![Ex-vivo intestinal permeability of OLZ suspension and SLNs [through treated and untreated jejunum] [values expressed as mean ± SD (N=3)].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6470851571e4585e08a9f136/j_afpuc-2024-0004_fig_007.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKKIREEBEP%2F20260320%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260320T124742Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEGcaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIETw6c1IZpeuC%2Fj329aggTRJs%2FR5mCEKDWgDpoCYpHahAiEAup8AX7YtSW1%2Fp3j9%2FcKEaLiZazKkKlVb7FhRPCahPq4quwUIMBACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDMM3XGRS6Ko8nPv%2BdSqYBS4mvv%2Fm%2BkisSWXc%2B1aWNPIHIz3U%2Fh0Ku74mrBpqyyMK8IW3RRzRR%2FlDOIIHMLh%2B1olFKvQKLLaEMwTUKdxmlmSbqZy6c13RRmRUHW6qxfMFZcbDam7KmZtCyao3KTQi8bZkmabQbpz66dWsng4ExVPxmjvGsr3G7dU6behtp31jdAk7RG6u4S63cmu7qjXl4A6Tp%2F%2FvXCeubXblbqJG%2FYGSAi5fhFXkcgRb%2FWvaxhQpHd9qasMpGVaVfaAjbaV4b8XH5G%2FPhI7qdl6dRBrx%2FV%2BOKeLvgVMI6KBCD4gJa5B9YawbQJzAlItxpt9FnLxlKMI1ftqekuO92hFNfQKsd%2BLLdpQ%2BTDC8%2FEvh9pcdKmROZ%2B33cGAhdi%2FyE2VvwnfTdHI%2FB3E0xfBgjPCQq3I7%2BWHeiY6qhZ2ydhjaukpDU9NRzwf844ZgqJrnPqSftxKFyLbV49KIosuCg1giqM%2BIQ20QtwaSOKYMzB8KqvSvtJ3sGDHdUnn%2FLPki9VOCYE%2BA2iVUw5ONB%2FNu4wkcxz7cAXCd6w5ZoQNaP9xfXybsrCyLZl9%2F2Ym4yP%2FNefgeZ301Gdivsd1xyXebkMgiWW6Phh9XiCxBLsFpdsScDi7Tk%2B0AHZLADReYNXg1%2B3pvk3kk%2B%2Bo4nwku7ODfo91QebBn%2BmRHI8D51BzoHY0nZeHk5Fr4dWgMS51m73nkIBqQo5X4FrJcuBlaWBkJDlihg5wYwuHm1dBFTDbSSquTAyA84UazvtvEVq3ni8WtqakbbUzFciF4qeN75UNztj89ZojtBDxb5OogVSTW4otsPApd1gWM8Ll2MY7daXWTcVD%2BD%2FjIbMc6zHUAw%2BKaqHb0jJ%2FG3%2B%2FgZelmdFloRLigz3dUMNFiMBLFur5bWnUwv%2BHzzQY6sQHW0KtxIHKURXHohYuh8IMmSL2UcI1N0%2F7FDnWYH%2F%2FYXzksDvROkiKcJWkAHp1xP2LNQ4d9zGZUMrLwYnElLtvZVJkmfJVaWbf23cUR%2FrTcWJNd6uYI%2BPCHtpoMTrcMo9qs2m4HiS7VkXrLiqkF2EHRsOdYXLMMmW02mPWuLiGb94GcKKt7UB%2B0ez1noECSCRLkLF4XkogXv5mbTnv%2BJc55RtOHqyjJ9jvIrqvtAd4xHbg%3D&X-Amz-Signature=71cc7fc905f2cdef2c915bdb0e74678a2afdcdb84cae35ea0c45d3309d98c36e&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Effect of ST on particle size, PDI and EE_
| Batch No. | SL (0.5%w/v) | OLZ (mg) | Surfactant (0.2%w/v) 70:30 | VD (mL) | ST (min) | Particle size (nm) | PdI | EE(%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F18 | PRE | 10 | KELP+T80 | 10 | 5 | 303.3 | 0.629 | 54 |
| F14 | PRE | 10 | KELP+T80 | 10 | 10 | 256.3 | 0.563 | 59 |
| F19 | PRE | 10 | KELP+T80 | 10 | 15 | 238.0 | 0.274 | 67 |
Effect of LC on particle size, PDI and EE_
| Batch No. | SL: PRE (%w/v) | OLZ (mg) | Surfactant (0.2%w/v) | VD (mL) | ST (min) | Particle size (nm) | PdI | EE(%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F7 | 0.45 | 10 | KELP | 10 | 10 | 247.1 | 0.325 | 26 |
| F1 | 0.50 | 10 | KELP | 10 | 10 | 253.7 | 0.076 | 49 |
| F8 | 0.55 | 10 | KELP | 10 | 10 | 267.3 | 0.494 | 52 |
Effect of surfactant on particle size, PDI and EE_
| Batch No. | SL (0.5%w/v) | OLZ (mg) | Surfactant (0.2%w/v) | VD (mL) | ST (min) | Particle size (nm) | PdI | EE(%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F1 | PRE | 10 | KELP | 10 | 10 | 253.7 | 0.076 | 49 |
| F10 | PRE | 10 | KRH40 | 10 | 10 | 298.0 | 0.416 | 26 |
| F11 | PRE | 10 | T80 | 10 | 10 | 647.1 | 0.303 | 58 |
| F12 | PRE | 10 | KELP+T80 | 10 | 10 | 288.5 | 0.413 | 61 |
Effect of surfactant ratio on particle size, PDI and EE_
| Batch No. | SL (0.5%w/v) | OLZ (mg) | Surfactant: KELP+T80 (0.2%w/v) | VD (mL) | ST (min) | Particle size (nm) | PdI | EE(%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F12 | PRE | 10 | 50:50 | 10 | 10 | 288.5 | 0.413 | 61 |
| F13 | PRE | 10 | 60:40 | 10 | 10 | 266.9 | 0.596 | 59 |
| F14 | PRE | 10 | 70:30 | 10 | 10 | 256.3 | 0.563 | 59 |
| F15 | PRE | 10 | 80:20 | 10 | 10 | 241.6 | 0.283 | 51 |
Effect of SC on particle size, PDI and EE_
| Batch No. | SL (0.5%w/v) | OLZ (mg) | Surfactant: KELP+T80 (70:30) | VD (mL) | ST (min) | Particle size (nm) | PdI | EE(%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F16 | PRE | 10 | 0.15 | 10 | 10 | 309.7 | 1.000 | 63 |
| F14 | PRE | 10 | 0.20 | 10 | 10 | 256.3 | 0.563 | 59 |
| F17 | PRE | 10 | 0.25 | 10 | 10 | 215.8 | 0.026 | 48 |
Linearity and diffusion exponent from kinetic plots for different mediums used for in-vitro drug release study for OLZ SLNs DANs
| Media | Model | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zero order (R2) | First order (R2) | Higuchi (R2) | Korsemeyer–Peppas | ||
| R2 | Diffusion exponent (n) | ||||
| 0.1 N HCL | 0.487 | 0.585 | 0.689 | 0.986 | 0.415 |
| PBS pH 6.8 | 0.866 | 0.940 | 0.970 | 0.984 | 0.434 |
| PBS pH 7.4 | 0.870 | 0.959 | 0.971 | 0.985 | 0.481 |
| Three stage multimedia | 0.416 | 0.640 | 0.961 | 0.837 | 0.264 |
Effect of DC on particle size, PDI and EE_
| Batch No. | SL (0.5%w/v) | OLZ (mg) | Surfactant (0.2%w/v) | VD (mL) | ST (min) | Particle size (nm) | PdI | EE(%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F1 | PRE | 10 | KELP | 10 | 10 | 253.7 | 0.076 | 49 |
| F9 | PRE | 12.5 | KELP | 10 | 10 | 299.0 | 0.217 | 53 |
Effect of STM on particle size, PDI and EE_
| Batch No. | SL (0.5%w/v) | OLZ (mg) | Surfactant (0.2%w/v) 70:30 | VD (mL) | ST (min) | STM | Particle size (nm) | PdI | EE(%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F20 | PRE | 10 | KELP+T80 | 10 | 10 | 2-8 | 285.8 | 0.425 | 38 |
| F19 | PRE | 10 | KELP+T80 | 10 | 10 | RT | 238.0 | 0.274 | 67 |
Screening of adsorbents_
| Adsorbent | Mannitol | Lactose | KCL | NUS2 | NUS2 + Mannitol | NUS2 + Lactose | NUS2 + ACL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Particle size (nm) | 401.2 | 308.4 | 382.9 | 364.8 | 361.9 | 463.3 | 302.4 |
| PdI | 0.400 | 0.298 | 0.455 | 0.410 | 0.599 | 0.852 | 0.494 |
| HR | Poor | Fair | Passable | Passable | Good | Good | Good |
| CI | Poor | Fair | Fair | Fair | Good | Good | Good |
| Angle of repose | Excellent | Excellent | good | Excellent | Excellent | Excellent | Excellent |
| Remarks | Fungal growth | Particles in the range of 5000 nm also present | Rat Holing | - | Fungal growth | Particles in the range of 5000 nm also present | - |
Effect of SL on particle size, PDI and EE_
| Batch No. | SL (0.5%w/v) | OLZ (mg) | Surfactant (0.2%w/v) | VD (mL) | ST (min) | Particle size (nm) | PdI | EE (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F1 | PRE | 10 | KELP | 10 | 10 | 253.7 | 0.076 | 49 |
| F2 | GMS | 10 | KELP | 10 | 10 | 527.0 | 0.709 | 54 |
| F3 | CMPR | 10 | KELP | 10 | 10 | 630.0 | 1.000 | 47 |
| F4 | PRE + GMS | 10 | KELP | 10 | 10 | 328.2 | 0.312 | 50 |
| F5 | PRE+CMPR | 10 | KELP | 10 | 10 | 164.0 | 0.482 | 40 |
| F6 | GMS+CMPR | 10 | KELP | 10 | 10 | 719.3 | 0.203 | 45 |
Effect of VD on particle size, PDI and EE_
| Batch No. | SL (0.5%w/v) | OLZ (mg) | Surfactants (0.2%w/v) 70:30 | VD (mL) | ST (min) | Particle size (nm) | PdI | EE(%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F21 | PRE | 10 | KELP+T80 | 5 | 10 | 222.2 | 0.031 | 31 |
| F19 | PRE | 10 | KELP+T80 | 10 | 10 | 238.0 | 0.274 | 67 |