Figure 1.
![Solubility of OLZ in (a) solid lipids; (b) surfactants [values expressed as mean ± SD (n=3)].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6470851571e4585e08a9f136/j_afpuc-2024-0004_fig_001.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKIWGBMCUH%2F20260320%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260320T111241Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEGYaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQCBz%2Fi9T%2B5IlduqDUnXRAy0JKIkt3NUGltrkw8pA5GqnQIgeiAVGXQWTcmMyU1ZzB9QVhY07ziOgnBHauPro9clEw0qvAUILxACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDH7mg%2Fo4Ph0hxffgGiqZBRD0Nt%2Byo5wD7kr4FwQOQ1UXGRueejszBPXVpp3IZ5g8avjXDxFe0r0m9%2BGxNjAYvRsOWGFANHOyeadBo7M6eNacC9ax0d3CKN5qhvn0%2BacPbaLfrv%2BAVepDu%2FcTLOUrAtLfnagmzpZR7Zk24vr1e9Ot2QvLDGNbZmBzjNoVDsdN4VuvpImaxRmPvz2vfIgyphNKLJ4sMlt1pjq9%2FVMtVAfSWIw0DzEpAkzM8Rf%2B%2FqqCJlAUhH4%2BZyesIViZqYhzNqqYhxj3AC%2BzUmorE%2Fko9I64%2FS6d9FIN60M0KZsH2aqQQkYgVkUF4V0aZ6d4MVtCR8tSpYgDf0CV9c5zjcnU%2BccCWUH5WHNHJA2w0cY%2BKMaxR4HfvMXYwn6liidzRvnpFXJmxQ9OdWlkc1nqMaK08bkagBsZ6Cm%2FsSaoQd2PRnxVDub7jw65X2W3ybcmninCBhjS1lQjNcig%2Fg89zW7Vf%2FBUtPyUZ05CnsZ33vQjcrQZ%2B8LzB0Hp6ud5ekQkyoWILmIez2LKXM5XCkH9ovHG5A3YVWJyFWQC60JCL4pSdgKgBhxxnnxLo%2FwAJ3lSfS27S5C6cF5XK0tTBzTv%2BAY%2FnKzBX99rqQYhCA2fgziTUV%2FgKqWwK69iMw16o3TPJsR8GpZjuGtenluIXzTy9mGgV%2FuoXooatq6r4ZcdLKu1AG53%2FVg0FjXFEnSMBDom9H%2BH%2FkyTMHyeq1kcaMhO%2BA7WeESMK4l320WaKSyooxSYTJZU1Llt5fdXKfmFsK%2FMEkW%2Fvp%2FrKh5ELmOYNuv%2B%2BhkFiC%2BQXJ9RefxNJSwXjbyZy%2F7obaSICBhEexy5Ts7%2FhPqvKei8uFOViUjWIkM4dfiRreqGMDtOzV2hxBR2IZ6pbQfF68tho1Z3TmXJMMHM880GOrEBQLUaFmLcVvDI7JjSanvAQLTYvXPXHOownStgEf5Fri%2BNPuMm%2FxseFIdIRT3bssUMtw2tCaL8xdc0Qa88kILvWuG9twfdqZcEV6ZZHB6GbK0G5u%2FfQmYFKGoz0xjXhXJ9RiylKMKJR2Y3qi8pW5tAMElxF6%2FWCuy72ImghRaRgW8F2c%2FLxQNNe2Tlg0atDSZfMJ40KmLW4tpFJFvJ7pKCBqC0zKPUSUOkG2aJZ%2FblvcFx&X-Amz-Signature=6b87bf6e57c773a720909d5327a2d4084f08a7ee9459175525f69026b763725d&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 2.
![Percentage desorption of SLNs from DANs prepared with different adsorbents [Values expressed as mean ± SD (N=3)].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6470851571e4585e08a9f136/j_afpuc-2024-0004_fig_002.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKIWGBMCUH%2F20260320%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260320T111241Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEGYaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQCBz%2Fi9T%2B5IlduqDUnXRAy0JKIkt3NUGltrkw8pA5GqnQIgeiAVGXQWTcmMyU1ZzB9QVhY07ziOgnBHauPro9clEw0qvAUILxACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDH7mg%2Fo4Ph0hxffgGiqZBRD0Nt%2Byo5wD7kr4FwQOQ1UXGRueejszBPXVpp3IZ5g8avjXDxFe0r0m9%2BGxNjAYvRsOWGFANHOyeadBo7M6eNacC9ax0d3CKN5qhvn0%2BacPbaLfrv%2BAVepDu%2FcTLOUrAtLfnagmzpZR7Zk24vr1e9Ot2QvLDGNbZmBzjNoVDsdN4VuvpImaxRmPvz2vfIgyphNKLJ4sMlt1pjq9%2FVMtVAfSWIw0DzEpAkzM8Rf%2B%2FqqCJlAUhH4%2BZyesIViZqYhzNqqYhxj3AC%2BzUmorE%2Fko9I64%2FS6d9FIN60M0KZsH2aqQQkYgVkUF4V0aZ6d4MVtCR8tSpYgDf0CV9c5zjcnU%2BccCWUH5WHNHJA2w0cY%2BKMaxR4HfvMXYwn6liidzRvnpFXJmxQ9OdWlkc1nqMaK08bkagBsZ6Cm%2FsSaoQd2PRnxVDub7jw65X2W3ybcmninCBhjS1lQjNcig%2Fg89zW7Vf%2FBUtPyUZ05CnsZ33vQjcrQZ%2B8LzB0Hp6ud5ekQkyoWILmIez2LKXM5XCkH9ovHG5A3YVWJyFWQC60JCL4pSdgKgBhxxnnxLo%2FwAJ3lSfS27S5C6cF5XK0tTBzTv%2BAY%2FnKzBX99rqQYhCA2fgziTUV%2FgKqWwK69iMw16o3TPJsR8GpZjuGtenluIXzTy9mGgV%2FuoXooatq6r4ZcdLKu1AG53%2FVg0FjXFEnSMBDom9H%2BH%2FkyTMHyeq1kcaMhO%2BA7WeESMK4l320WaKSyooxSYTJZU1Llt5fdXKfmFsK%2FMEkW%2Fvp%2FrKh5ELmOYNuv%2B%2BhkFiC%2BQXJ9RefxNJSwXjbyZy%2F7obaSICBhEexy5Ts7%2FhPqvKei8uFOViUjWIkM4dfiRreqGMDtOzV2hxBR2IZ6pbQfF68tho1Z3TmXJMMHM880GOrEBQLUaFmLcVvDI7JjSanvAQLTYvXPXHOownStgEf5Fri%2BNPuMm%2FxseFIdIRT3bssUMtw2tCaL8xdc0Qa88kILvWuG9twfdqZcEV6ZZHB6GbK0G5u%2FfQmYFKGoz0xjXhXJ9RiylKMKJR2Y3qi8pW5tAMElxF6%2FWCuy72ImghRaRgW8F2c%2FLxQNNe2Tlg0atDSZfMJ40KmLW4tpFJFvJ7pKCBqC0zKPUSUOkG2aJZ%2FblvcFx&X-Amz-Signature=e16fde6ec67e1e8fb1fca41f1eb82da5212e17fef6481a648b33e3a8915da33a&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 3.
![In-vitro drug release study of OLZ Suspension, SLNs, DANs in (a) 0.1N HCL; (b) PBS pH 6.8; (c) PBS pH 7.4; and (d) three stage multimedia [Values expressed as mean ± SD (N=3)].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6470851571e4585e08a9f136/j_afpuc-2024-0004_fig_003.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKIWGBMCUH%2F20260320%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260320T111241Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEGYaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQCBz%2Fi9T%2B5IlduqDUnXRAy0JKIkt3NUGltrkw8pA5GqnQIgeiAVGXQWTcmMyU1ZzB9QVhY07ziOgnBHauPro9clEw0qvAUILxACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDH7mg%2Fo4Ph0hxffgGiqZBRD0Nt%2Byo5wD7kr4FwQOQ1UXGRueejszBPXVpp3IZ5g8avjXDxFe0r0m9%2BGxNjAYvRsOWGFANHOyeadBo7M6eNacC9ax0d3CKN5qhvn0%2BacPbaLfrv%2BAVepDu%2FcTLOUrAtLfnagmzpZR7Zk24vr1e9Ot2QvLDGNbZmBzjNoVDsdN4VuvpImaxRmPvz2vfIgyphNKLJ4sMlt1pjq9%2FVMtVAfSWIw0DzEpAkzM8Rf%2B%2FqqCJlAUhH4%2BZyesIViZqYhzNqqYhxj3AC%2BzUmorE%2Fko9I64%2FS6d9FIN60M0KZsH2aqQQkYgVkUF4V0aZ6d4MVtCR8tSpYgDf0CV9c5zjcnU%2BccCWUH5WHNHJA2w0cY%2BKMaxR4HfvMXYwn6liidzRvnpFXJmxQ9OdWlkc1nqMaK08bkagBsZ6Cm%2FsSaoQd2PRnxVDub7jw65X2W3ybcmninCBhjS1lQjNcig%2Fg89zW7Vf%2FBUtPyUZ05CnsZ33vQjcrQZ%2B8LzB0Hp6ud5ekQkyoWILmIez2LKXM5XCkH9ovHG5A3YVWJyFWQC60JCL4pSdgKgBhxxnnxLo%2FwAJ3lSfS27S5C6cF5XK0tTBzTv%2BAY%2FnKzBX99rqQYhCA2fgziTUV%2FgKqWwK69iMw16o3TPJsR8GpZjuGtenluIXzTy9mGgV%2FuoXooatq6r4ZcdLKu1AG53%2FVg0FjXFEnSMBDom9H%2BH%2FkyTMHyeq1kcaMhO%2BA7WeESMK4l320WaKSyooxSYTJZU1Llt5fdXKfmFsK%2FMEkW%2Fvp%2FrKh5ELmOYNuv%2B%2BhkFiC%2BQXJ9RefxNJSwXjbyZy%2F7obaSICBhEexy5Ts7%2FhPqvKei8uFOViUjWIkM4dfiRreqGMDtOzV2hxBR2IZ6pbQfF68tho1Z3TmXJMMHM880GOrEBQLUaFmLcVvDI7JjSanvAQLTYvXPXHOownStgEf5Fri%2BNPuMm%2FxseFIdIRT3bssUMtw2tCaL8xdc0Qa88kILvWuG9twfdqZcEV6ZZHB6GbK0G5u%2FfQmYFKGoz0xjXhXJ9RiylKMKJR2Y3qi8pW5tAMElxF6%2FWCuy72ImghRaRgW8F2c%2FLxQNNe2Tlg0atDSZfMJ40KmLW4tpFJFvJ7pKCBqC0zKPUSUOkG2aJZ%2FblvcFx&X-Amz-Signature=3d90dbae53f38e736857b3c9d70fc0003a0903690f88bce9155b2a4a5f27604e&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 4.
Figure 5.
Figure 6.
Figure 7.
![Ex-vivo intestinal permeability of OLZ suspension and SLNs [through treated and untreated jejunum] [values expressed as mean ± SD (N=3)].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6470851571e4585e08a9f136/j_afpuc-2024-0004_fig_007.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKIWGBMCUH%2F20260320%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260320T111241Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEGYaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQCBz%2Fi9T%2B5IlduqDUnXRAy0JKIkt3NUGltrkw8pA5GqnQIgeiAVGXQWTcmMyU1ZzB9QVhY07ziOgnBHauPro9clEw0qvAUILxACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDH7mg%2Fo4Ph0hxffgGiqZBRD0Nt%2Byo5wD7kr4FwQOQ1UXGRueejszBPXVpp3IZ5g8avjXDxFe0r0m9%2BGxNjAYvRsOWGFANHOyeadBo7M6eNacC9ax0d3CKN5qhvn0%2BacPbaLfrv%2BAVepDu%2FcTLOUrAtLfnagmzpZR7Zk24vr1e9Ot2QvLDGNbZmBzjNoVDsdN4VuvpImaxRmPvz2vfIgyphNKLJ4sMlt1pjq9%2FVMtVAfSWIw0DzEpAkzM8Rf%2B%2FqqCJlAUhH4%2BZyesIViZqYhzNqqYhxj3AC%2BzUmorE%2Fko9I64%2FS6d9FIN60M0KZsH2aqQQkYgVkUF4V0aZ6d4MVtCR8tSpYgDf0CV9c5zjcnU%2BccCWUH5WHNHJA2w0cY%2BKMaxR4HfvMXYwn6liidzRvnpFXJmxQ9OdWlkc1nqMaK08bkagBsZ6Cm%2FsSaoQd2PRnxVDub7jw65X2W3ybcmninCBhjS1lQjNcig%2Fg89zW7Vf%2FBUtPyUZ05CnsZ33vQjcrQZ%2B8LzB0Hp6ud5ekQkyoWILmIez2LKXM5XCkH9ovHG5A3YVWJyFWQC60JCL4pSdgKgBhxxnnxLo%2FwAJ3lSfS27S5C6cF5XK0tTBzTv%2BAY%2FnKzBX99rqQYhCA2fgziTUV%2FgKqWwK69iMw16o3TPJsR8GpZjuGtenluIXzTy9mGgV%2FuoXooatq6r4ZcdLKu1AG53%2FVg0FjXFEnSMBDom9H%2BH%2FkyTMHyeq1kcaMhO%2BA7WeESMK4l320WaKSyooxSYTJZU1Llt5fdXKfmFsK%2FMEkW%2Fvp%2FrKh5ELmOYNuv%2B%2BhkFiC%2BQXJ9RefxNJSwXjbyZy%2F7obaSICBhEexy5Ts7%2FhPqvKei8uFOViUjWIkM4dfiRreqGMDtOzV2hxBR2IZ6pbQfF68tho1Z3TmXJMMHM880GOrEBQLUaFmLcVvDI7JjSanvAQLTYvXPXHOownStgEf5Fri%2BNPuMm%2FxseFIdIRT3bssUMtw2tCaL8xdc0Qa88kILvWuG9twfdqZcEV6ZZHB6GbK0G5u%2FfQmYFKGoz0xjXhXJ9RiylKMKJR2Y3qi8pW5tAMElxF6%2FWCuy72ImghRaRgW8F2c%2FLxQNNe2Tlg0atDSZfMJ40KmLW4tpFJFvJ7pKCBqC0zKPUSUOkG2aJZ%2FblvcFx&X-Amz-Signature=7c8d3aa4e76a89c6280eaba46ea5c71a777f0771867eeef498b9110eedf9fe2a&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Effect of ST on particle size, PDI and EE_
| Batch No. | SL (0.5%w/v) | OLZ (mg) | Surfactant (0.2%w/v) 70:30 | VD (mL) | ST (min) | Particle size (nm) | PdI | EE(%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F18 | PRE | 10 | KELP+T80 | 10 | 5 | 303.3 | 0.629 | 54 |
| F14 | PRE | 10 | KELP+T80 | 10 | 10 | 256.3 | 0.563 | 59 |
| F19 | PRE | 10 | KELP+T80 | 10 | 15 | 238.0 | 0.274 | 67 |
Effect of LC on particle size, PDI and EE_
| Batch No. | SL: PRE (%w/v) | OLZ (mg) | Surfactant (0.2%w/v) | VD (mL) | ST (min) | Particle size (nm) | PdI | EE(%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F7 | 0.45 | 10 | KELP | 10 | 10 | 247.1 | 0.325 | 26 |
| F1 | 0.50 | 10 | KELP | 10 | 10 | 253.7 | 0.076 | 49 |
| F8 | 0.55 | 10 | KELP | 10 | 10 | 267.3 | 0.494 | 52 |
Effect of surfactant on particle size, PDI and EE_
| Batch No. | SL (0.5%w/v) | OLZ (mg) | Surfactant (0.2%w/v) | VD (mL) | ST (min) | Particle size (nm) | PdI | EE(%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F1 | PRE | 10 | KELP | 10 | 10 | 253.7 | 0.076 | 49 |
| F10 | PRE | 10 | KRH40 | 10 | 10 | 298.0 | 0.416 | 26 |
| F11 | PRE | 10 | T80 | 10 | 10 | 647.1 | 0.303 | 58 |
| F12 | PRE | 10 | KELP+T80 | 10 | 10 | 288.5 | 0.413 | 61 |
Effect of surfactant ratio on particle size, PDI and EE_
| Batch No. | SL (0.5%w/v) | OLZ (mg) | Surfactant: KELP+T80 (0.2%w/v) | VD (mL) | ST (min) | Particle size (nm) | PdI | EE(%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F12 | PRE | 10 | 50:50 | 10 | 10 | 288.5 | 0.413 | 61 |
| F13 | PRE | 10 | 60:40 | 10 | 10 | 266.9 | 0.596 | 59 |
| F14 | PRE | 10 | 70:30 | 10 | 10 | 256.3 | 0.563 | 59 |
| F15 | PRE | 10 | 80:20 | 10 | 10 | 241.6 | 0.283 | 51 |
Effect of SC on particle size, PDI and EE_
| Batch No. | SL (0.5%w/v) | OLZ (mg) | Surfactant: KELP+T80 (70:30) | VD (mL) | ST (min) | Particle size (nm) | PdI | EE(%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F16 | PRE | 10 | 0.15 | 10 | 10 | 309.7 | 1.000 | 63 |
| F14 | PRE | 10 | 0.20 | 10 | 10 | 256.3 | 0.563 | 59 |
| F17 | PRE | 10 | 0.25 | 10 | 10 | 215.8 | 0.026 | 48 |
Linearity and diffusion exponent from kinetic plots for different mediums used for in-vitro drug release study for OLZ SLNs DANs
| Media | Model | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zero order (R2) | First order (R2) | Higuchi (R2) | Korsemeyer–Peppas | ||
| R2 | Diffusion exponent (n) | ||||
| 0.1 N HCL | 0.487 | 0.585 | 0.689 | 0.986 | 0.415 |
| PBS pH 6.8 | 0.866 | 0.940 | 0.970 | 0.984 | 0.434 |
| PBS pH 7.4 | 0.870 | 0.959 | 0.971 | 0.985 | 0.481 |
| Three stage multimedia | 0.416 | 0.640 | 0.961 | 0.837 | 0.264 |
Effect of DC on particle size, PDI and EE_
| Batch No. | SL (0.5%w/v) | OLZ (mg) | Surfactant (0.2%w/v) | VD (mL) | ST (min) | Particle size (nm) | PdI | EE(%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F1 | PRE | 10 | KELP | 10 | 10 | 253.7 | 0.076 | 49 |
| F9 | PRE | 12.5 | KELP | 10 | 10 | 299.0 | 0.217 | 53 |
Effect of STM on particle size, PDI and EE_
| Batch No. | SL (0.5%w/v) | OLZ (mg) | Surfactant (0.2%w/v) 70:30 | VD (mL) | ST (min) | STM | Particle size (nm) | PdI | EE(%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F20 | PRE | 10 | KELP+T80 | 10 | 10 | 2-8 | 285.8 | 0.425 | 38 |
| F19 | PRE | 10 | KELP+T80 | 10 | 10 | RT | 238.0 | 0.274 | 67 |
Screening of adsorbents_
| Adsorbent | Mannitol | Lactose | KCL | NUS2 | NUS2 + Mannitol | NUS2 + Lactose | NUS2 + ACL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Particle size (nm) | 401.2 | 308.4 | 382.9 | 364.8 | 361.9 | 463.3 | 302.4 |
| PdI | 0.400 | 0.298 | 0.455 | 0.410 | 0.599 | 0.852 | 0.494 |
| HR | Poor | Fair | Passable | Passable | Good | Good | Good |
| CI | Poor | Fair | Fair | Fair | Good | Good | Good |
| Angle of repose | Excellent | Excellent | good | Excellent | Excellent | Excellent | Excellent |
| Remarks | Fungal growth | Particles in the range of 5000 nm also present | Rat Holing | - | Fungal growth | Particles in the range of 5000 nm also present | - |
Effect of SL on particle size, PDI and EE_
| Batch No. | SL (0.5%w/v) | OLZ (mg) | Surfactant (0.2%w/v) | VD (mL) | ST (min) | Particle size (nm) | PdI | EE (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F1 | PRE | 10 | KELP | 10 | 10 | 253.7 | 0.076 | 49 |
| F2 | GMS | 10 | KELP | 10 | 10 | 527.0 | 0.709 | 54 |
| F3 | CMPR | 10 | KELP | 10 | 10 | 630.0 | 1.000 | 47 |
| F4 | PRE + GMS | 10 | KELP | 10 | 10 | 328.2 | 0.312 | 50 |
| F5 | PRE+CMPR | 10 | KELP | 10 | 10 | 164.0 | 0.482 | 40 |
| F6 | GMS+CMPR | 10 | KELP | 10 | 10 | 719.3 | 0.203 | 45 |
Effect of VD on particle size, PDI and EE_
| Batch No. | SL (0.5%w/v) | OLZ (mg) | Surfactants (0.2%w/v) 70:30 | VD (mL) | ST (min) | Particle size (nm) | PdI | EE(%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F21 | PRE | 10 | KELP+T80 | 5 | 10 | 222.2 | 0.031 | 31 |
| F19 | PRE | 10 | KELP+T80 | 10 | 10 | 238.0 | 0.274 | 67 |