The effect of body awareness on shoulder functionality and psychological factors in individuals with rotator cuff tendinopathy

	Study group (n = 25)	Control group (n = 25)	p-value
Age(years): mean ± SD	44.8 ± 8.71	42.72 ± 7.08	0.359
BMI, (kg/m²): mean ± SD	25.54 ± 3.23	24.55 ± 2.05	0.199
Sex, n (%): Female, male	16 (64) 9 (36)	15 (60) 10 (40)	0.771
Dominant hand (n): right, left	23 2	19 6	0.123
Education level (n)			0.531
Primary school	3	3
Secondary school	1	1
High school	8	7
Undergraduate	12	9
Postgraduate	1	5

1 BMI – body mass index, n – number of participants, p-value – probability value, SD – standard deviation Wilcoxon Mann Whitney U test

Table 2.

Comparative analysis of assessment parameters between the study and control groups

Variables	Stud group (n = 25)	Control group (n = 25)	p -value
VAS-R	4.72 ± 2.72	0.00 ± 0.00	0.001^a
VAS-A	7.72 ± 2.75	0.00 ± 0.00	0.001^a
Flexion [°]	136.40 ± 18.99	176.52 ± 2.33	0.001^a
Extension [°]	32.24 ± 5.94	49.32 ± 6.16	0.001^a
Abduction [°]	110.52 ± 16.15	173.20 ± 4.04	0.001^a
Internal rotation [°]	45.56 ± 1.63	72.88 ± 5.68	0.001^a
External rotation [°]	41.64 ± 12.40	81.32 ± 4.40	0.001^a
ASES	27.47 ± 10.62	95.93 ± 2.68	0.001^a
BAQ	75.12 ± 16.59	94.16 ± 14.25	0.001^a
BIS	110.60 ± 21.14	86.64 ± 17.47	0.001^a
TSK	44.32 ± 3.73	33.56 ± 3.76	0.001^a
HADS-D	8.56 ± 1.96	5.08 ± 2.38	0.001^a
HADS-A	10.08 ± 3.09	6.88 ± 2.70	0.001^a
RC-QoL – symptom	32.28 ± 8.89	98.32 ± 1.38	0.001^a
RC-QoL – work	34.38 ± 14.38	98.10 ± 2.31	0.001^a
RC-QoL – life style	33.04 ± 12.57	97.28 ± 3.95	0.001^a
RC-QoL – emotional	34.76 ± 13.66	96.88 ± 3.92	0.001^a

1 ASES – American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score, BAQ – Body Awareness Questionnaire, BIS – Body Image Scale, HADS-A – Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Anxiety, HADS-D – Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Depression, p-value – probability value, RC-QoL – Rotator Cuff Quality of Life Questionnaire, TSK – Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia, VAS-A – pain during activity, VAS-R – pain at rest

1a - Significant

1 Mann–Whitney U test (p < 0.05)

Table 3.

Analysis of Spearman’s correlation between each variable and pain severity

		ASES	BAQ	BIS	TSK	HADS--D	HADS--A	RC--QoL - symptom	RC--QoL - lifestyle	RC--QoL - emotional	RC--QoL - work
VAS--R	r	–0.252	0.273	–0.105	0.147	0.122	0.319	–0.319	–0.233	–0.608^a	–0.550^a
	95% CI	–0.577- 0.121	–0.152- 0.632	–0.517- 0.367	–0.271- 0.573	–0.251- 0.443	–0.021- 0.579	–0.708- 0.134	–0.833- –0.225	–0.810- –0.162	–0.701- 0.284
	p-value	0.224	0.186	0.616	0.482	0.560	0.120	0.120	0.263	0.001^a	0.004^a
VAS--A	r	–0.578	–0.222	0.052	0.014	0.341	–0.036	–0.038	–0.063	0.073	0.195
	95% CI	–0.841- –0.190	–0.582- 0.176	–0.398- 0.484	–0.466- 0.468	–0.022- 0.644	–0.469- 0.397	–0.417- 0.347	–0.375- 0.465	–0.215- 0.543	–0.527- 0.409
	p-value	0.002*	0.287	0.806	0.949	0.096	0.865	0.855	0.766	0.730	0.349

1 ASES – American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score, BAQ – Body Awareness Questionnaire, BIS – Body Image Scale, CI – confidence interval, HADS-A – Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Anxiety, HADS-D – Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Depression, p-value – probability value, RC-QoL – Rotator Cuff Quality of Life Questionnaire, TSK – Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia, VAS-A – pain during activity, VAS-R – pain at rest

1a - Significant

1 Spearman’s correlation analysis (p < 0.05)

Table 4.

Analysis of Spearman’s correlation between each variable and body awareness score

	ASES	BIS	TSK	HADS--D	HADS--A	RC--QoL - symptom	RC--QoL - lifestyle	RC--QoL - emotional	RC--QoL - work
r	0.201	–0.497	0.082	–0.038	0.175	–0.251	–0.337	–0.009	0.118
95% CI	–0.172- 0.539	–0.781- –0.056	–0.399 –0.553	–0.464- 0.383	–0.243- 0.607	–0.323- 0.493	–0.680 –0.073	–0.494- 0.448	–0.658 –0.261
p-value	0.335	0.011^a	0.696	0.857	0.402	0.227	0.099	0.964	0.574