Figure 1.
Figure 2.
Figure 3.
Figure 4.
Figure 5.
Figure 6.
Characteristic of indoor surface outer layers
| No | Layer scheme | materials | application | Thickness [mm] | Weight [kg/m2] | Fire resistance | Water resistance | Mechanic. resistance | UV degr. resistance | Recyclability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I1 |
| dry rooms | 6.0 | 6.30 | moderate | moderate | moderate | moderate | moderate | |
| I2 |
| dry rooms | 8.0 | 8.30 | high | low | moderate | high | low | |
| I3 |
| wet rooms | 6.0 | 0.89 | low | moderate | low | high | moderate | |
| I4 |
| dry rooms | 6.5 | 1.00 | moderate | low | low | high | low | |
| I5 |
| wet rooms | 7.0 | 3.00 | moderate | moderate | low | high | moderate | |
| I6 |
| dry rooms | 12.0 | 8.36 | high | low | moderate | high | low | |
| I7 |
| wet rooms | 6.0 | 2.98 | moderate | moderate | moderate | high | low |
Outer layers performance assessment
| Layer No. | E1 | E2 | E3 | E4 | E5 | E6 | E7 | I1 | I2 | I3 | I4 | I5 | I6 | I7 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| application | EW | EW | EW | EW | ER | ER | ER | ID | ID | IW | ID | IW | ID | IW |
| Fire resistance | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 |
| Water resistance | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Mechanic. resistance | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Price and availability | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| Performance score | 4 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 3 |
Material inventory of the analysed outdoor outer layers, presented in kg per average m2 of the envelope
| E1 | E2 | E3 | E4 | E5 | E6 | E7 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| timber | 2.160 | 2.160 | 2.160 | 13.160 | 2.160 | 2.160 | 2.160 |
| plywood | - | - | 10.800 | - | - | - | - |
| fire retardant (borates) | 0.150 | 0.150 | 0.150 | 0.150 | 0.300 | 0.150 | 0.150 |
| acrylic varnish | - | - | 0.150 | - | - | - | - |
| breather membrane (polypropylene) | 0.150 | 0.150 | 0.150 | 0.150 | 0.150 | 0.150 | 0.150 |
| HPL | 2.680 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| fibre-cement board | - | 13.200 | - | - | - | - | - |
| OSB board | - | - | - | - | 7.800 | 7.800 | 7.800 |
| EPDM | - | - | - | - | - | 2.450 | - |
| aluminium | - | - | - | - | 1.500 | - | - |
| bitumen | - | - | - | - | - | - | 10.000 |
Coatings and impregnates for paperboard
| Product and manufacturer name | Base material | Water resistance | Fire resistance | UV degr. resistance | Price | Recyclability of coated paper |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Monovar PU varnish | polyurethane | low | low | high | high | moderate |
| Sadolin Yacht Varnish | alkyd resin | high | low | high | moderate | moderate |
| Jedynka Wax Varnish | alkyd resin, polysaccharide resin and linseed oil | low | low | high | low | moderate |
| Bird Brand Complete Decking Oil | natural oils, waxes and resins | high | low | moderate | low | low |
| Timberex hard wax oil | natural oils and waxes | high | moderate | moderate | high | low |
| Colorit wood wax | synthetic and natural waxes | moderate | low | moderate | low | moderate |
| Dragon linseed oil varnish | linseed oil | high | low | high | low | low |
| COO-VAR Siliconized Teak Oil | natural oils and silicone oil derivatives | moderate | moderate | moderate | low | low |
| Sicol Sodium Water Glass | sodium silicate | - | high | - | low | high |
| Burnblock | natural occurred compounds | - | high | - | moderate | high |
| Borates fire retardant | sodium borate-boric acid 1:1 mixture | - | high | - | low | high |
Characteristic of outdoor surface outer layers_ BM+VC is a breather membrane and ventilation cavity
| No | Layer scheme | materials | application | Thickness [mm] | Weight [kg/m2] | Fire resistance | Water resistance | Mechanic. resistance | UV deg. resistance | Recyclability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| E1 |
| wall | 36.5 | 2.98 | moderate | moderate | high | high | low | |
| E2 |
| wall | 38.5 | 13.50 | high | moderate | high | high | moderate | |
| E3 |
| wall | 45.5 | 10.95 | moderate | moderate | moderate | moderate | moderate | |
| E4 |
| wall | 50.5 | 4.80 | moderate | moderate | moderate | high | moderate | |
| E5 |
| wall and roof | 41.0 | 7.88 | high | high | high | high | high | |
| E6 |
| wall and roof | 42.5 | 8.83 | moderate | high | high | high | high | |
| E7 |
| wall and roof | 42.5 | 16.90 | moderate | high | high | high | low |
Characteristics of paper-based envelopes case studies_
| Westborough PS | Wikkelhouse | TECH 03 (House of Cards) | TECH 04 | FPPH | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| designers | Cottrell and Vermeulen Architecture | Rene Snel, Fiction Factory | Jerzy Łątka, Marcel Bilow, Julia Schönwälder, | Jerzy Łątka, Agata Jasiołek | TU Darmstadt BAMP! group | |
| life span (assumed) | 20 years | 50 years | 5 years | 5 years | minimum 3 years | |
| Outdoor surface | Protection technique | FL, AM | FL, AM | FL | FL, AM | FL, MM |
| materials | breather membrane, fibre-cement board | breather membrane, wood cladding | self-adhesive foil, polyethene-coated paper | aluminium sheet | polyethene-coated paper, paperboard | |
| combustibility | non-combust. | no data | combustible | non-combust. | semi-combust | |
| water resistance | watertight | watertight | watertight | watertight | watertight | |
| mechanical damage resist. | high | high | low | moderate | moderate | |
| Indoor surface | Protection technique | AM | AM | FL | FL | FL, MM |
| materials | FR cellulose pinboard | plywood | self-adhesive foil, polyethene-coated paper | self-adhesive foil | polyethene-coated paper, paperboard | |
| combustibility | non-combust. | no data | combustible | combustible | Semi-combust | |
| water resistance | moderate | moderate | watertight | watertight | watertight | |
| mechanical damage resist. | moderate | high | low | low | moderate | |
Finishing materials proposed for use on paper-based building envelopes_
| Material | Thickness [mm] | Weight [kg/m2] | Fire resistance | Water resistance | Mechanical resistance | UV degr. resistance | Price1 | Recyclability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| aluminium sheet | 0.60 | 1.50 | high | high | low | high | low | high |
| plywood | 18.00 | 10.80 | moderate | moderate | high | moderate | high | moderate |
| fibre-cement board | 10.00 | 13.20 | high | high | high | high | low | moderate |
| HPL board | 5.20 | 2.68 | high | high | high | high | high | low |
| EPDM membrane, FR | 1.80 | 2.45 | high | high | high | high | low | high |
| PVC membrane | 1.80 | 2.50 | low | high | high | high | low | moderate |
| fibreglass wallpaper | 0.50 | 0.05 | high | high | high | high | low | low |
| vinyl veneer | 0.50 | 0.75 | moderate | high | high | high | low | moderate |
| carbonised timber | 20.00 | 11.00 | moderate | moderate | high | high | high | moderate |
| magnesium oxide board | 8.00 | 8.00 | high | high | high | high | high | moderate |
| gypsum board | 12.00 | 8.06 | moderate | low | moderate | no data | low | moderate |
| bitumen shingle, FR | 2.00 | 10.00 | moderate | high | high | high | low | low |
Material inventory of the analysed indoor outer layers, presented in kg per average m2 of the envelope
| I1 | I2 | I3 | I4 | I5 | I6 | I7 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plywood | 3.600 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| fire retardant (borates) | - | - | 0.150 | 0.150 | - | - | 0.150 |
| acrylic varnish | 0.150 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| dispersion paint | - | 0.150 | - | 0.150 | - | 0.150 | - |
| HPL | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2.680 |
| Fibreglass | - | - | - | 0.050 | - | - | - |
| Gypsum plasterboard | - | - | - | - | - | 8.060 | - |
| MgO board | - | 8.000 | - | - | - | - | - |
| PVC | - | - | 0.240 | - | 2.500 | - | - |
| paperboard | - | - | 0.500 | 0.500 | 0.500 | - | - |
| oil varnish | - | 0.150 | - | 0.150 | - | 0.150 | - |