Figure 1.
![Spatial structure of market squares, streets and districts. Top illustration – Rows in Bridge Street, Chester, UK, art by P. Mazell, Public domain [16]; bottom illustration – Grand Bazaar in Instabul, Turkey, photo by Gryffindor, Public domain [16]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/682600dbf788d76dad43fd67/j_acee-2025-0001_fig_001.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKCJEWVHKE%2F20251215%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251215T014406Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEHkaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQCKkSuEIQ1Ja7d6ygEg7Xwvu8MdQXWP3jZmHFpbwz0VlwIgQDAsB77Pv38a9USCyErIi%2BF7NRoIDKIGi%2F3eVBbxEnkqvQUIQhACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDOz5xfOioKdKSx1qvCqaBY%2BXIALhMUomTCzwYio3o9i4MZ6z%2FbHlEpyRFGj%2BdopEFA7ueIYP4gmsxTlYy8VpHQ1ZzJf6YzMIp8LG5Yg%2FITKEKDpFcWshIU0GW4HexeL%2BHbHhB%2FDQ2lHmcGkDHZB019tLH8bopI%2Fm9%2BrN7cRF5DvKDlRld9qgiEsKK8XUXRotCDAP9WL%2FVvZJ53s9Dkgll%2BIEdTxqbxICVSuWF7nkAC92tc0TEAEsZA8A5t1TXF%2FWWV9O3GtqjsO%2FTEWaISlY88ICK3F%2F5PCr7gzkUQ9t1sGXsyEgQ%2B%2FFFVmlp1SFtdeapjKjO%2FoNBp1qF7Hw5cKpsylNvQzgJ851ew8BVmdDl2dI5RGCFtHinHm20nUK3n6r6uimWpJv0FgqaiLQn5zPNm52asl2bYseim%2BO4m7nwMqwaLsu4wbEQaIGKVhWwOjZ0OxSKf%2FdVLi%2BuIqirkZ%2FjuZZsXbTAIx5%2FKTa2IAJlAcivLhLBg7QmUfso6ddFalK%2B7i4mt%2Fk%2BRLq1YWdtq%2FG0Pkhf32e5w98%2BjYLQ6AlEGvOkBtPfmNROamz%2Fq2zbdiEqCc8NdXDBE3aXhnduwpkaPAzgC5SivvYtK08X%2FvUMgibN2IsC5unIbbvPN6OTL5q95JZu6pKKcgAAOK5k0v8HVAZ4nSZsM6ZasF2AEMtRduh4TfAolSPCCcMqsx0AUAiVEHbJ1fybhFQOoxrj2X30fwVNwIWGZ63o%2F0S77uTiPjevTI7nyGW%2FWOWPzk8WPV426TAiF9yIUyrpBdUua3UQMOJyrbTS%2BNHWEyP6OcnRCkHUSkOcDR%2B56dujqSK6zpt%2Bgx%2FQjbzTmwLJA%2B5YXLdHFLnzJj28gqIn5zsmh5ZmJebMjczAZsG2rmK3OKFu%2Fn6avY2XHKncBSjJTDOtP3JBjqxAQBIA2vGxo7mDpi3c5%2B0Gyz%2B28Nv22SL6SjngBzGvsv5lEh2eIT1HYPem3jwHL2onQO9ZaeUGtEBs3GnczRjp3rXHMVfOZv7orNh6CZw%2BgtLSwHxw%2BMhdLmBbG4BE26NqmAQs7MrzL9AOVAYYO7l5HKah1RKlrT%2F02fUyiloYZb7zaJ7IRePFHjG4%2BVyuvzCsDr5UJ6uXHNPWs%2F3zKqVGQz0pPDZ%2F09VVO3%2F6cb099TJlw%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=0aee0aa0725f7b50756f3e7ea7de60f79f81ea2ef8f967e54f647108e34b9d6e&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 2.
![Spatial structure of covered commercial structures and 19th century department stores. Top illustration – Trajan Market in Rome, Italy, photo by Szilas, Public domain [16]; bottom illustration – “Au Bon Marche” in Paris, France, photo by anonymous author, Public domain [16]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/682600dbf788d76dad43fd67/j_acee-2025-0001_fig_002.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKCJEWVHKE%2F20251215%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251215T014406Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEHkaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQCKkSuEIQ1Ja7d6ygEg7Xwvu8MdQXWP3jZmHFpbwz0VlwIgQDAsB77Pv38a9USCyErIi%2BF7NRoIDKIGi%2F3eVBbxEnkqvQUIQhACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDOz5xfOioKdKSx1qvCqaBY%2BXIALhMUomTCzwYio3o9i4MZ6z%2FbHlEpyRFGj%2BdopEFA7ueIYP4gmsxTlYy8VpHQ1ZzJf6YzMIp8LG5Yg%2FITKEKDpFcWshIU0GW4HexeL%2BHbHhB%2FDQ2lHmcGkDHZB019tLH8bopI%2Fm9%2BrN7cRF5DvKDlRld9qgiEsKK8XUXRotCDAP9WL%2FVvZJ53s9Dkgll%2BIEdTxqbxICVSuWF7nkAC92tc0TEAEsZA8A5t1TXF%2FWWV9O3GtqjsO%2FTEWaISlY88ICK3F%2F5PCr7gzkUQ9t1sGXsyEgQ%2B%2FFFVmlp1SFtdeapjKjO%2FoNBp1qF7Hw5cKpsylNvQzgJ851ew8BVmdDl2dI5RGCFtHinHm20nUK3n6r6uimWpJv0FgqaiLQn5zPNm52asl2bYseim%2BO4m7nwMqwaLsu4wbEQaIGKVhWwOjZ0OxSKf%2FdVLi%2BuIqirkZ%2FjuZZsXbTAIx5%2FKTa2IAJlAcivLhLBg7QmUfso6ddFalK%2B7i4mt%2Fk%2BRLq1YWdtq%2FG0Pkhf32e5w98%2BjYLQ6AlEGvOkBtPfmNROamz%2Fq2zbdiEqCc8NdXDBE3aXhnduwpkaPAzgC5SivvYtK08X%2FvUMgibN2IsC5unIbbvPN6OTL5q95JZu6pKKcgAAOK5k0v8HVAZ4nSZsM6ZasF2AEMtRduh4TfAolSPCCcMqsx0AUAiVEHbJ1fybhFQOoxrj2X30fwVNwIWGZ63o%2F0S77uTiPjevTI7nyGW%2FWOWPzk8WPV426TAiF9yIUyrpBdUua3UQMOJyrbTS%2BNHWEyP6OcnRCkHUSkOcDR%2B56dujqSK6zpt%2Bgx%2FQjbzTmwLJA%2B5YXLdHFLnzJj28gqIn5zsmh5ZmJebMjczAZsG2rmK3OKFu%2Fn6avY2XHKncBSjJTDOtP3JBjqxAQBIA2vGxo7mDpi3c5%2B0Gyz%2B28Nv22SL6SjngBzGvsv5lEh2eIT1HYPem3jwHL2onQO9ZaeUGtEBs3GnczRjp3rXHMVfOZv7orNh6CZw%2BgtLSwHxw%2BMhdLmBbG4BE26NqmAQs7MrzL9AOVAYYO7l5HKah1RKlrT%2F02fUyiloYZb7zaJ7IRePFHjG4%2BVyuvzCsDr5UJ6uXHNPWs%2F3zKqVGQz0pPDZ%2F09VVO3%2F6cb099TJlw%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=e8017e50a4377f4ad82fee0c0c9c44c2ab407843b137fe4931d12af76f56dab5&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 3.
![Spatial structure of 19th century shopping arcades. Illustration – Paschenko-Tryapkin (Old) Arcade in Kharkiv, Ukraine, postcard [17]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/682600dbf788d76dad43fd67/j_acee-2025-0001_fig_003.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKCJEWVHKE%2F20251215%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251215T014406Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEHkaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQCKkSuEIQ1Ja7d6ygEg7Xwvu8MdQXWP3jZmHFpbwz0VlwIgQDAsB77Pv38a9USCyErIi%2BF7NRoIDKIGi%2F3eVBbxEnkqvQUIQhACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDOz5xfOioKdKSx1qvCqaBY%2BXIALhMUomTCzwYio3o9i4MZ6z%2FbHlEpyRFGj%2BdopEFA7ueIYP4gmsxTlYy8VpHQ1ZzJf6YzMIp8LG5Yg%2FITKEKDpFcWshIU0GW4HexeL%2BHbHhB%2FDQ2lHmcGkDHZB019tLH8bopI%2Fm9%2BrN7cRF5DvKDlRld9qgiEsKK8XUXRotCDAP9WL%2FVvZJ53s9Dkgll%2BIEdTxqbxICVSuWF7nkAC92tc0TEAEsZA8A5t1TXF%2FWWV9O3GtqjsO%2FTEWaISlY88ICK3F%2F5PCr7gzkUQ9t1sGXsyEgQ%2B%2FFFVmlp1SFtdeapjKjO%2FoNBp1qF7Hw5cKpsylNvQzgJ851ew8BVmdDl2dI5RGCFtHinHm20nUK3n6r6uimWpJv0FgqaiLQn5zPNm52asl2bYseim%2BO4m7nwMqwaLsu4wbEQaIGKVhWwOjZ0OxSKf%2FdVLi%2BuIqirkZ%2FjuZZsXbTAIx5%2FKTa2IAJlAcivLhLBg7QmUfso6ddFalK%2B7i4mt%2Fk%2BRLq1YWdtq%2FG0Pkhf32e5w98%2BjYLQ6AlEGvOkBtPfmNROamz%2Fq2zbdiEqCc8NdXDBE3aXhnduwpkaPAzgC5SivvYtK08X%2FvUMgibN2IsC5unIbbvPN6OTL5q95JZu6pKKcgAAOK5k0v8HVAZ4nSZsM6ZasF2AEMtRduh4TfAolSPCCcMqsx0AUAiVEHbJ1fybhFQOoxrj2X30fwVNwIWGZ63o%2F0S77uTiPjevTI7nyGW%2FWOWPzk8WPV426TAiF9yIUyrpBdUua3UQMOJyrbTS%2BNHWEyP6OcnRCkHUSkOcDR%2B56dujqSK6zpt%2Bgx%2FQjbzTmwLJA%2B5YXLdHFLnzJj28gqIn5zsmh5ZmJebMjczAZsG2rmK3OKFu%2Fn6avY2XHKncBSjJTDOtP3JBjqxAQBIA2vGxo7mDpi3c5%2B0Gyz%2B28Nv22SL6SjngBzGvsv5lEh2eIT1HYPem3jwHL2onQO9ZaeUGtEBs3GnczRjp3rXHMVfOZv7orNh6CZw%2BgtLSwHxw%2BMhdLmBbG4BE26NqmAQs7MrzL9AOVAYYO7l5HKah1RKlrT%2F02fUyiloYZb7zaJ7IRePFHjG4%2BVyuvzCsDr5UJ6uXHNPWs%2F3zKqVGQz0pPDZ%2F09VVO3%2F6cb099TJlw%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=385fcd3edecaf9ec587959435ef617d6254b5f90d2ac54401d19069f3aff0de0&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 4.
![Spatial structure of an introverted shopping center. Illustration – “Mall of America” in Bloomington, USA, photo by Thomson200, Public domain [16]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/682600dbf788d76dad43fd67/j_acee-2025-0001_fig_004.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKCJEWVHKE%2F20251215%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251215T014406Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEHkaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQCKkSuEIQ1Ja7d6ygEg7Xwvu8MdQXWP3jZmHFpbwz0VlwIgQDAsB77Pv38a9USCyErIi%2BF7NRoIDKIGi%2F3eVBbxEnkqvQUIQhACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDOz5xfOioKdKSx1qvCqaBY%2BXIALhMUomTCzwYio3o9i4MZ6z%2FbHlEpyRFGj%2BdopEFA7ueIYP4gmsxTlYy8VpHQ1ZzJf6YzMIp8LG5Yg%2FITKEKDpFcWshIU0GW4HexeL%2BHbHhB%2FDQ2lHmcGkDHZB019tLH8bopI%2Fm9%2BrN7cRF5DvKDlRld9qgiEsKK8XUXRotCDAP9WL%2FVvZJ53s9Dkgll%2BIEdTxqbxICVSuWF7nkAC92tc0TEAEsZA8A5t1TXF%2FWWV9O3GtqjsO%2FTEWaISlY88ICK3F%2F5PCr7gzkUQ9t1sGXsyEgQ%2B%2FFFVmlp1SFtdeapjKjO%2FoNBp1qF7Hw5cKpsylNvQzgJ851ew8BVmdDl2dI5RGCFtHinHm20nUK3n6r6uimWpJv0FgqaiLQn5zPNm52asl2bYseim%2BO4m7nwMqwaLsu4wbEQaIGKVhWwOjZ0OxSKf%2FdVLi%2BuIqirkZ%2FjuZZsXbTAIx5%2FKTa2IAJlAcivLhLBg7QmUfso6ddFalK%2B7i4mt%2Fk%2BRLq1YWdtq%2FG0Pkhf32e5w98%2BjYLQ6AlEGvOkBtPfmNROamz%2Fq2zbdiEqCc8NdXDBE3aXhnduwpkaPAzgC5SivvYtK08X%2FvUMgibN2IsC5unIbbvPN6OTL5q95JZu6pKKcgAAOK5k0v8HVAZ4nSZsM6ZasF2AEMtRduh4TfAolSPCCcMqsx0AUAiVEHbJ1fybhFQOoxrj2X30fwVNwIWGZ63o%2F0S77uTiPjevTI7nyGW%2FWOWPzk8WPV426TAiF9yIUyrpBdUua3UQMOJyrbTS%2BNHWEyP6OcnRCkHUSkOcDR%2B56dujqSK6zpt%2Bgx%2FQjbzTmwLJA%2B5YXLdHFLnzJj28gqIn5zsmh5ZmJebMjczAZsG2rmK3OKFu%2Fn6avY2XHKncBSjJTDOtP3JBjqxAQBIA2vGxo7mDpi3c5%2B0Gyz%2B28Nv22SL6SjngBzGvsv5lEh2eIT1HYPem3jwHL2onQO9ZaeUGtEBs3GnczRjp3rXHMVfOZv7orNh6CZw%2BgtLSwHxw%2BMhdLmBbG4BE26NqmAQs7MrzL9AOVAYYO7l5HKah1RKlrT%2F02fUyiloYZb7zaJ7IRePFHjG4%2BVyuvzCsDr5UJ6uXHNPWs%2F3zKqVGQz0pPDZ%2F09VVO3%2F6cb099TJlw%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=c799fef2db3f13af0d9b7e36d296e46d1114b67f7ab8bf59a85dd1e03077d9a6&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 5.
![Spatial structure of an integrated shopping center. Illustration – “Cabot Circus” in Bristol, UK, photo by Jongleur100, Public domain [16]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/682600dbf788d76dad43fd67/j_acee-2025-0001_fig_005.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKCJEWVHKE%2F20251215%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251215T014406Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEHkaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQCKkSuEIQ1Ja7d6ygEg7Xwvu8MdQXWP3jZmHFpbwz0VlwIgQDAsB77Pv38a9USCyErIi%2BF7NRoIDKIGi%2F3eVBbxEnkqvQUIQhACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDOz5xfOioKdKSx1qvCqaBY%2BXIALhMUomTCzwYio3o9i4MZ6z%2FbHlEpyRFGj%2BdopEFA7ueIYP4gmsxTlYy8VpHQ1ZzJf6YzMIp8LG5Yg%2FITKEKDpFcWshIU0GW4HexeL%2BHbHhB%2FDQ2lHmcGkDHZB019tLH8bopI%2Fm9%2BrN7cRF5DvKDlRld9qgiEsKK8XUXRotCDAP9WL%2FVvZJ53s9Dkgll%2BIEdTxqbxICVSuWF7nkAC92tc0TEAEsZA8A5t1TXF%2FWWV9O3GtqjsO%2FTEWaISlY88ICK3F%2F5PCr7gzkUQ9t1sGXsyEgQ%2B%2FFFVmlp1SFtdeapjKjO%2FoNBp1qF7Hw5cKpsylNvQzgJ851ew8BVmdDl2dI5RGCFtHinHm20nUK3n6r6uimWpJv0FgqaiLQn5zPNm52asl2bYseim%2BO4m7nwMqwaLsu4wbEQaIGKVhWwOjZ0OxSKf%2FdVLi%2BuIqirkZ%2FjuZZsXbTAIx5%2FKTa2IAJlAcivLhLBg7QmUfso6ddFalK%2B7i4mt%2Fk%2BRLq1YWdtq%2FG0Pkhf32e5w98%2BjYLQ6AlEGvOkBtPfmNROamz%2Fq2zbdiEqCc8NdXDBE3aXhnduwpkaPAzgC5SivvYtK08X%2FvUMgibN2IsC5unIbbvPN6OTL5q95JZu6pKKcgAAOK5k0v8HVAZ4nSZsM6ZasF2AEMtRduh4TfAolSPCCcMqsx0AUAiVEHbJ1fybhFQOoxrj2X30fwVNwIWGZ63o%2F0S77uTiPjevTI7nyGW%2FWOWPzk8WPV426TAiF9yIUyrpBdUua3UQMOJyrbTS%2BNHWEyP6OcnRCkHUSkOcDR%2B56dujqSK6zpt%2Bgx%2FQjbzTmwLJA%2B5YXLdHFLnzJj28gqIn5zsmh5ZmJebMjczAZsG2rmK3OKFu%2Fn6avY2XHKncBSjJTDOtP3JBjqxAQBIA2vGxo7mDpi3c5%2B0Gyz%2B28Nv22SL6SjngBzGvsv5lEh2eIT1HYPem3jwHL2onQO9ZaeUGtEBs3GnczRjp3rXHMVfOZv7orNh6CZw%2BgtLSwHxw%2BMhdLmBbG4BE26NqmAQs7MrzL9AOVAYYO7l5HKah1RKlrT%2F02fUyiloYZb7zaJ7IRePFHjG4%2BVyuvzCsDr5UJ6uXHNPWs%2F3zKqVGQz0pPDZ%2F09VVO3%2F6cb099TJlw%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=04c74d2d2b80846d8f6ccdf90d7f6c285d2038ca6228e70ab8229c7af835ba06&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 6.
![Spatial structure of a thematic shopping center. Illustration – “Coal Drops Yard” in London, UK, photo by Andy Scott, Public domain [16]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/682600dbf788d76dad43fd67/j_acee-2025-0001_fig_006.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKCJEWVHKE%2F20251215%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251215T014406Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEHkaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQCKkSuEIQ1Ja7d6ygEg7Xwvu8MdQXWP3jZmHFpbwz0VlwIgQDAsB77Pv38a9USCyErIi%2BF7NRoIDKIGi%2F3eVBbxEnkqvQUIQhACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDOz5xfOioKdKSx1qvCqaBY%2BXIALhMUomTCzwYio3o9i4MZ6z%2FbHlEpyRFGj%2BdopEFA7ueIYP4gmsxTlYy8VpHQ1ZzJf6YzMIp8LG5Yg%2FITKEKDpFcWshIU0GW4HexeL%2BHbHhB%2FDQ2lHmcGkDHZB019tLH8bopI%2Fm9%2BrN7cRF5DvKDlRld9qgiEsKK8XUXRotCDAP9WL%2FVvZJ53s9Dkgll%2BIEdTxqbxICVSuWF7nkAC92tc0TEAEsZA8A5t1TXF%2FWWV9O3GtqjsO%2FTEWaISlY88ICK3F%2F5PCr7gzkUQ9t1sGXsyEgQ%2B%2FFFVmlp1SFtdeapjKjO%2FoNBp1qF7Hw5cKpsylNvQzgJ851ew8BVmdDl2dI5RGCFtHinHm20nUK3n6r6uimWpJv0FgqaiLQn5zPNm52asl2bYseim%2BO4m7nwMqwaLsu4wbEQaIGKVhWwOjZ0OxSKf%2FdVLi%2BuIqirkZ%2FjuZZsXbTAIx5%2FKTa2IAJlAcivLhLBg7QmUfso6ddFalK%2B7i4mt%2Fk%2BRLq1YWdtq%2FG0Pkhf32e5w98%2BjYLQ6AlEGvOkBtPfmNROamz%2Fq2zbdiEqCc8NdXDBE3aXhnduwpkaPAzgC5SivvYtK08X%2FvUMgibN2IsC5unIbbvPN6OTL5q95JZu6pKKcgAAOK5k0v8HVAZ4nSZsM6ZasF2AEMtRduh4TfAolSPCCcMqsx0AUAiVEHbJ1fybhFQOoxrj2X30fwVNwIWGZ63o%2F0S77uTiPjevTI7nyGW%2FWOWPzk8WPV426TAiF9yIUyrpBdUua3UQMOJyrbTS%2BNHWEyP6OcnRCkHUSkOcDR%2B56dujqSK6zpt%2Bgx%2FQjbzTmwLJA%2B5YXLdHFLnzJj28gqIn5zsmh5ZmJebMjczAZsG2rmK3OKFu%2Fn6avY2XHKncBSjJTDOtP3JBjqxAQBIA2vGxo7mDpi3c5%2B0Gyz%2B28Nv22SL6SjngBzGvsv5lEh2eIT1HYPem3jwHL2onQO9ZaeUGtEBs3GnczRjp3rXHMVfOZv7orNh6CZw%2BgtLSwHxw%2BMhdLmBbG4BE26NqmAQs7MrzL9AOVAYYO7l5HKah1RKlrT%2F02fUyiloYZb7zaJ7IRePFHjG4%2BVyuvzCsDr5UJ6uXHNPWs%2F3zKqVGQz0pPDZ%2F09VVO3%2F6cb099TJlw%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=31de6ba822671a942950100561a928605658bd2344d1452cc18bf61e69bafdda&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 7.

Figure 8.
![Three types of recreational communication spaces by their primary logic of spatial organization (blue color on the schemes denotes RCS, light green – shops and additional functions, dark green – department stores as anchors). Illustrations, top to bottom – “Mall of America” in Bloomington, USA, photo by Thomson200, Public domain [16]; “Cabot Circus” in Bristol, UK, photo by Jongleur100, Public domain [16]; “Coal Drops Yard” in London, UK, photo by Andy Scott, Public domain [16]; planning schemes – own work](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/682600dbf788d76dad43fd67/j_acee-2025-0001_fig_008.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKCJEWVHKE%2F20251215%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251215T014406Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEHkaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQCKkSuEIQ1Ja7d6ygEg7Xwvu8MdQXWP3jZmHFpbwz0VlwIgQDAsB77Pv38a9USCyErIi%2BF7NRoIDKIGi%2F3eVBbxEnkqvQUIQhACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDOz5xfOioKdKSx1qvCqaBY%2BXIALhMUomTCzwYio3o9i4MZ6z%2FbHlEpyRFGj%2BdopEFA7ueIYP4gmsxTlYy8VpHQ1ZzJf6YzMIp8LG5Yg%2FITKEKDpFcWshIU0GW4HexeL%2BHbHhB%2FDQ2lHmcGkDHZB019tLH8bopI%2Fm9%2BrN7cRF5DvKDlRld9qgiEsKK8XUXRotCDAP9WL%2FVvZJ53s9Dkgll%2BIEdTxqbxICVSuWF7nkAC92tc0TEAEsZA8A5t1TXF%2FWWV9O3GtqjsO%2FTEWaISlY88ICK3F%2F5PCr7gzkUQ9t1sGXsyEgQ%2B%2FFFVmlp1SFtdeapjKjO%2FoNBp1qF7Hw5cKpsylNvQzgJ851ew8BVmdDl2dI5RGCFtHinHm20nUK3n6r6uimWpJv0FgqaiLQn5zPNm52asl2bYseim%2BO4m7nwMqwaLsu4wbEQaIGKVhWwOjZ0OxSKf%2FdVLi%2BuIqirkZ%2FjuZZsXbTAIx5%2FKTa2IAJlAcivLhLBg7QmUfso6ddFalK%2B7i4mt%2Fk%2BRLq1YWdtq%2FG0Pkhf32e5w98%2BjYLQ6AlEGvOkBtPfmNROamz%2Fq2zbdiEqCc8NdXDBE3aXhnduwpkaPAzgC5SivvYtK08X%2FvUMgibN2IsC5unIbbvPN6OTL5q95JZu6pKKcgAAOK5k0v8HVAZ4nSZsM6ZasF2AEMtRduh4TfAolSPCCcMqsx0AUAiVEHbJ1fybhFQOoxrj2X30fwVNwIWGZ63o%2F0S77uTiPjevTI7nyGW%2FWOWPzk8WPV426TAiF9yIUyrpBdUua3UQMOJyrbTS%2BNHWEyP6OcnRCkHUSkOcDR%2B56dujqSK6zpt%2Bgx%2FQjbzTmwLJA%2B5YXLdHFLnzJj28gqIn5zsmh5ZmJebMjczAZsG2rmK3OKFu%2Fn6avY2XHKncBSjJTDOtP3JBjqxAQBIA2vGxo7mDpi3c5%2B0Gyz%2B28Nv22SL6SjngBzGvsv5lEh2eIT1HYPem3jwHL2onQO9ZaeUGtEBs3GnczRjp3rXHMVfOZv7orNh6CZw%2BgtLSwHxw%2BMhdLmBbG4BE26NqmAQs7MrzL9AOVAYYO7l5HKah1RKlrT%2F02fUyiloYZb7zaJ7IRePFHjG4%2BVyuvzCsDr5UJ6uXHNPWs%2F3zKqVGQz0pPDZ%2F09VVO3%2F6cb099TJlw%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=3ee43520ac6f2dbb5ce7c0a68eda7e1c575d044aa8ad2c63e9e38ef02eaa4c8d&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
![Spatial structure of market squares, streets and districts. Top illustration – Rows in Bridge Street, Chester, UK, art by P. Mazell, Public domain [16]; bottom illustration – Grand Bazaar in Instabul, Turkey, photo by Gryffindor, Public domain [16]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/682600dbf788d76dad43fd67/j_acee-2025-0001_fig_001.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKCJEWVHKE%2F20251215%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251215T014406Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEHkaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQCKkSuEIQ1Ja7d6ygEg7Xwvu8MdQXWP3jZmHFpbwz0VlwIgQDAsB77Pv38a9USCyErIi%2BF7NRoIDKIGi%2F3eVBbxEnkqvQUIQhACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDOz5xfOioKdKSx1qvCqaBY%2BXIALhMUomTCzwYio3o9i4MZ6z%2FbHlEpyRFGj%2BdopEFA7ueIYP4gmsxTlYy8VpHQ1ZzJf6YzMIp8LG5Yg%2FITKEKDpFcWshIU0GW4HexeL%2BHbHhB%2FDQ2lHmcGkDHZB019tLH8bopI%2Fm9%2BrN7cRF5DvKDlRld9qgiEsKK8XUXRotCDAP9WL%2FVvZJ53s9Dkgll%2BIEdTxqbxICVSuWF7nkAC92tc0TEAEsZA8A5t1TXF%2FWWV9O3GtqjsO%2FTEWaISlY88ICK3F%2F5PCr7gzkUQ9t1sGXsyEgQ%2B%2FFFVmlp1SFtdeapjKjO%2FoNBp1qF7Hw5cKpsylNvQzgJ851ew8BVmdDl2dI5RGCFtHinHm20nUK3n6r6uimWpJv0FgqaiLQn5zPNm52asl2bYseim%2BO4m7nwMqwaLsu4wbEQaIGKVhWwOjZ0OxSKf%2FdVLi%2BuIqirkZ%2FjuZZsXbTAIx5%2FKTa2IAJlAcivLhLBg7QmUfso6ddFalK%2B7i4mt%2Fk%2BRLq1YWdtq%2FG0Pkhf32e5w98%2BjYLQ6AlEGvOkBtPfmNROamz%2Fq2zbdiEqCc8NdXDBE3aXhnduwpkaPAzgC5SivvYtK08X%2FvUMgibN2IsC5unIbbvPN6OTL5q95JZu6pKKcgAAOK5k0v8HVAZ4nSZsM6ZasF2AEMtRduh4TfAolSPCCcMqsx0AUAiVEHbJ1fybhFQOoxrj2X30fwVNwIWGZ63o%2F0S77uTiPjevTI7nyGW%2FWOWPzk8WPV426TAiF9yIUyrpBdUua3UQMOJyrbTS%2BNHWEyP6OcnRCkHUSkOcDR%2B56dujqSK6zpt%2Bgx%2FQjbzTmwLJA%2B5YXLdHFLnzJj28gqIn5zsmh5ZmJebMjczAZsG2rmK3OKFu%2Fn6avY2XHKncBSjJTDOtP3JBjqxAQBIA2vGxo7mDpi3c5%2B0Gyz%2B28Nv22SL6SjngBzGvsv5lEh2eIT1HYPem3jwHL2onQO9ZaeUGtEBs3GnczRjp3rXHMVfOZv7orNh6CZw%2BgtLSwHxw%2BMhdLmBbG4BE26NqmAQs7MrzL9AOVAYYO7l5HKah1RKlrT%2F02fUyiloYZb7zaJ7IRePFHjG4%2BVyuvzCsDr5UJ6uXHNPWs%2F3zKqVGQz0pPDZ%2F09VVO3%2F6cb099TJlw%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=0aee0aa0725f7b50756f3e7ea7de60f79f81ea2ef8f967e54f647108e34b9d6e&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
![Spatial structure of covered commercial structures and 19th century department stores. Top illustration – Trajan Market in Rome, Italy, photo by Szilas, Public domain [16]; bottom illustration – “Au Bon Marche” in Paris, France, photo by anonymous author, Public domain [16]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/682600dbf788d76dad43fd67/j_acee-2025-0001_fig_002.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKCJEWVHKE%2F20251215%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251215T014406Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEHkaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQCKkSuEIQ1Ja7d6ygEg7Xwvu8MdQXWP3jZmHFpbwz0VlwIgQDAsB77Pv38a9USCyErIi%2BF7NRoIDKIGi%2F3eVBbxEnkqvQUIQhACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDOz5xfOioKdKSx1qvCqaBY%2BXIALhMUomTCzwYio3o9i4MZ6z%2FbHlEpyRFGj%2BdopEFA7ueIYP4gmsxTlYy8VpHQ1ZzJf6YzMIp8LG5Yg%2FITKEKDpFcWshIU0GW4HexeL%2BHbHhB%2FDQ2lHmcGkDHZB019tLH8bopI%2Fm9%2BrN7cRF5DvKDlRld9qgiEsKK8XUXRotCDAP9WL%2FVvZJ53s9Dkgll%2BIEdTxqbxICVSuWF7nkAC92tc0TEAEsZA8A5t1TXF%2FWWV9O3GtqjsO%2FTEWaISlY88ICK3F%2F5PCr7gzkUQ9t1sGXsyEgQ%2B%2FFFVmlp1SFtdeapjKjO%2FoNBp1qF7Hw5cKpsylNvQzgJ851ew8BVmdDl2dI5RGCFtHinHm20nUK3n6r6uimWpJv0FgqaiLQn5zPNm52asl2bYseim%2BO4m7nwMqwaLsu4wbEQaIGKVhWwOjZ0OxSKf%2FdVLi%2BuIqirkZ%2FjuZZsXbTAIx5%2FKTa2IAJlAcivLhLBg7QmUfso6ddFalK%2B7i4mt%2Fk%2BRLq1YWdtq%2FG0Pkhf32e5w98%2BjYLQ6AlEGvOkBtPfmNROamz%2Fq2zbdiEqCc8NdXDBE3aXhnduwpkaPAzgC5SivvYtK08X%2FvUMgibN2IsC5unIbbvPN6OTL5q95JZu6pKKcgAAOK5k0v8HVAZ4nSZsM6ZasF2AEMtRduh4TfAolSPCCcMqsx0AUAiVEHbJ1fybhFQOoxrj2X30fwVNwIWGZ63o%2F0S77uTiPjevTI7nyGW%2FWOWPzk8WPV426TAiF9yIUyrpBdUua3UQMOJyrbTS%2BNHWEyP6OcnRCkHUSkOcDR%2B56dujqSK6zpt%2Bgx%2FQjbzTmwLJA%2B5YXLdHFLnzJj28gqIn5zsmh5ZmJebMjczAZsG2rmK3OKFu%2Fn6avY2XHKncBSjJTDOtP3JBjqxAQBIA2vGxo7mDpi3c5%2B0Gyz%2B28Nv22SL6SjngBzGvsv5lEh2eIT1HYPem3jwHL2onQO9ZaeUGtEBs3GnczRjp3rXHMVfOZv7orNh6CZw%2BgtLSwHxw%2BMhdLmBbG4BE26NqmAQs7MrzL9AOVAYYO7l5HKah1RKlrT%2F02fUyiloYZb7zaJ7IRePFHjG4%2BVyuvzCsDr5UJ6uXHNPWs%2F3zKqVGQz0pPDZ%2F09VVO3%2F6cb099TJlw%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=e8017e50a4377f4ad82fee0c0c9c44c2ab407843b137fe4931d12af76f56dab5&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
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![Spatial structure of an integrated shopping center. Illustration – “Cabot Circus” in Bristol, UK, photo by Jongleur100, Public domain [16]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/682600dbf788d76dad43fd67/j_acee-2025-0001_fig_005.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKCJEWVHKE%2F20251215%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251215T014406Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEHkaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQCKkSuEIQ1Ja7d6ygEg7Xwvu8MdQXWP3jZmHFpbwz0VlwIgQDAsB77Pv38a9USCyErIi%2BF7NRoIDKIGi%2F3eVBbxEnkqvQUIQhACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDOz5xfOioKdKSx1qvCqaBY%2BXIALhMUomTCzwYio3o9i4MZ6z%2FbHlEpyRFGj%2BdopEFA7ueIYP4gmsxTlYy8VpHQ1ZzJf6YzMIp8LG5Yg%2FITKEKDpFcWshIU0GW4HexeL%2BHbHhB%2FDQ2lHmcGkDHZB019tLH8bopI%2Fm9%2BrN7cRF5DvKDlRld9qgiEsKK8XUXRotCDAP9WL%2FVvZJ53s9Dkgll%2BIEdTxqbxICVSuWF7nkAC92tc0TEAEsZA8A5t1TXF%2FWWV9O3GtqjsO%2FTEWaISlY88ICK3F%2F5PCr7gzkUQ9t1sGXsyEgQ%2B%2FFFVmlp1SFtdeapjKjO%2FoNBp1qF7Hw5cKpsylNvQzgJ851ew8BVmdDl2dI5RGCFtHinHm20nUK3n6r6uimWpJv0FgqaiLQn5zPNm52asl2bYseim%2BO4m7nwMqwaLsu4wbEQaIGKVhWwOjZ0OxSKf%2FdVLi%2BuIqirkZ%2FjuZZsXbTAIx5%2FKTa2IAJlAcivLhLBg7QmUfso6ddFalK%2B7i4mt%2Fk%2BRLq1YWdtq%2FG0Pkhf32e5w98%2BjYLQ6AlEGvOkBtPfmNROamz%2Fq2zbdiEqCc8NdXDBE3aXhnduwpkaPAzgC5SivvYtK08X%2FvUMgibN2IsC5unIbbvPN6OTL5q95JZu6pKKcgAAOK5k0v8HVAZ4nSZsM6ZasF2AEMtRduh4TfAolSPCCcMqsx0AUAiVEHbJ1fybhFQOoxrj2X30fwVNwIWGZ63o%2F0S77uTiPjevTI7nyGW%2FWOWPzk8WPV426TAiF9yIUyrpBdUua3UQMOJyrbTS%2BNHWEyP6OcnRCkHUSkOcDR%2B56dujqSK6zpt%2Bgx%2FQjbzTmwLJA%2B5YXLdHFLnzJj28gqIn5zsmh5ZmJebMjczAZsG2rmK3OKFu%2Fn6avY2XHKncBSjJTDOtP3JBjqxAQBIA2vGxo7mDpi3c5%2B0Gyz%2B28Nv22SL6SjngBzGvsv5lEh2eIT1HYPem3jwHL2onQO9ZaeUGtEBs3GnczRjp3rXHMVfOZv7orNh6CZw%2BgtLSwHxw%2BMhdLmBbG4BE26NqmAQs7MrzL9AOVAYYO7l5HKah1RKlrT%2F02fUyiloYZb7zaJ7IRePFHjG4%2BVyuvzCsDr5UJ6uXHNPWs%2F3zKqVGQz0pPDZ%2F09VVO3%2F6cb099TJlw%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=04c74d2d2b80846d8f6ccdf90d7f6c285d2038ca6228e70ab8229c7af835ba06&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
![Spatial structure of a thematic shopping center. Illustration – “Coal Drops Yard” in London, UK, photo by Andy Scott, Public domain [16]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/682600dbf788d76dad43fd67/j_acee-2025-0001_fig_006.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKCJEWVHKE%2F20251215%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251215T014406Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEHkaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQCKkSuEIQ1Ja7d6ygEg7Xwvu8MdQXWP3jZmHFpbwz0VlwIgQDAsB77Pv38a9USCyErIi%2BF7NRoIDKIGi%2F3eVBbxEnkqvQUIQhACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDOz5xfOioKdKSx1qvCqaBY%2BXIALhMUomTCzwYio3o9i4MZ6z%2FbHlEpyRFGj%2BdopEFA7ueIYP4gmsxTlYy8VpHQ1ZzJf6YzMIp8LG5Yg%2FITKEKDpFcWshIU0GW4HexeL%2BHbHhB%2FDQ2lHmcGkDHZB019tLH8bopI%2Fm9%2BrN7cRF5DvKDlRld9qgiEsKK8XUXRotCDAP9WL%2FVvZJ53s9Dkgll%2BIEdTxqbxICVSuWF7nkAC92tc0TEAEsZA8A5t1TXF%2FWWV9O3GtqjsO%2FTEWaISlY88ICK3F%2F5PCr7gzkUQ9t1sGXsyEgQ%2B%2FFFVmlp1SFtdeapjKjO%2FoNBp1qF7Hw5cKpsylNvQzgJ851ew8BVmdDl2dI5RGCFtHinHm20nUK3n6r6uimWpJv0FgqaiLQn5zPNm52asl2bYseim%2BO4m7nwMqwaLsu4wbEQaIGKVhWwOjZ0OxSKf%2FdVLi%2BuIqirkZ%2FjuZZsXbTAIx5%2FKTa2IAJlAcivLhLBg7QmUfso6ddFalK%2B7i4mt%2Fk%2BRLq1YWdtq%2FG0Pkhf32e5w98%2BjYLQ6AlEGvOkBtPfmNROamz%2Fq2zbdiEqCc8NdXDBE3aXhnduwpkaPAzgC5SivvYtK08X%2FvUMgibN2IsC5unIbbvPN6OTL5q95JZu6pKKcgAAOK5k0v8HVAZ4nSZsM6ZasF2AEMtRduh4TfAolSPCCcMqsx0AUAiVEHbJ1fybhFQOoxrj2X30fwVNwIWGZ63o%2F0S77uTiPjevTI7nyGW%2FWOWPzk8WPV426TAiF9yIUyrpBdUua3UQMOJyrbTS%2BNHWEyP6OcnRCkHUSkOcDR%2B56dujqSK6zpt%2Bgx%2FQjbzTmwLJA%2B5YXLdHFLnzJj28gqIn5zsmh5ZmJebMjczAZsG2rmK3OKFu%2Fn6avY2XHKncBSjJTDOtP3JBjqxAQBIA2vGxo7mDpi3c5%2B0Gyz%2B28Nv22SL6SjngBzGvsv5lEh2eIT1HYPem3jwHL2onQO9ZaeUGtEBs3GnczRjp3rXHMVfOZv7orNh6CZw%2BgtLSwHxw%2BMhdLmBbG4BE26NqmAQs7MrzL9AOVAYYO7l5HKah1RKlrT%2F02fUyiloYZb7zaJ7IRePFHjG4%2BVyuvzCsDr5UJ6uXHNPWs%2F3zKqVGQz0pPDZ%2F09VVO3%2F6cb099TJlw%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=31de6ba822671a942950100561a928605658bd2344d1452cc18bf61e69bafdda&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)

![Three types of recreational communication spaces by their primary logic of spatial organization (blue color on the schemes denotes RCS, light green – shops and additional functions, dark green – department stores as anchors). Illustrations, top to bottom – “Mall of America” in Bloomington, USA, photo by Thomson200, Public domain [16]; “Cabot Circus” in Bristol, UK, photo by Jongleur100, Public domain [16]; “Coal Drops Yard” in London, UK, photo by Andy Scott, Public domain [16]; planning schemes – own work](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/682600dbf788d76dad43fd67/j_acee-2025-0001_fig_008.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKCJEWVHKE%2F20251215%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251215T014406Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEHkaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQCKkSuEIQ1Ja7d6ygEg7Xwvu8MdQXWP3jZmHFpbwz0VlwIgQDAsB77Pv38a9USCyErIi%2BF7NRoIDKIGi%2F3eVBbxEnkqvQUIQhACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDOz5xfOioKdKSx1qvCqaBY%2BXIALhMUomTCzwYio3o9i4MZ6z%2FbHlEpyRFGj%2BdopEFA7ueIYP4gmsxTlYy8VpHQ1ZzJf6YzMIp8LG5Yg%2FITKEKDpFcWshIU0GW4HexeL%2BHbHhB%2FDQ2lHmcGkDHZB019tLH8bopI%2Fm9%2BrN7cRF5DvKDlRld9qgiEsKK8XUXRotCDAP9WL%2FVvZJ53s9Dkgll%2BIEdTxqbxICVSuWF7nkAC92tc0TEAEsZA8A5t1TXF%2FWWV9O3GtqjsO%2FTEWaISlY88ICK3F%2F5PCr7gzkUQ9t1sGXsyEgQ%2B%2FFFVmlp1SFtdeapjKjO%2FoNBp1qF7Hw5cKpsylNvQzgJ851ew8BVmdDl2dI5RGCFtHinHm20nUK3n6r6uimWpJv0FgqaiLQn5zPNm52asl2bYseim%2BO4m7nwMqwaLsu4wbEQaIGKVhWwOjZ0OxSKf%2FdVLi%2BuIqirkZ%2FjuZZsXbTAIx5%2FKTa2IAJlAcivLhLBg7QmUfso6ddFalK%2B7i4mt%2Fk%2BRLq1YWdtq%2FG0Pkhf32e5w98%2BjYLQ6AlEGvOkBtPfmNROamz%2Fq2zbdiEqCc8NdXDBE3aXhnduwpkaPAzgC5SivvYtK08X%2FvUMgibN2IsC5unIbbvPN6OTL5q95JZu6pKKcgAAOK5k0v8HVAZ4nSZsM6ZasF2AEMtRduh4TfAolSPCCcMqsx0AUAiVEHbJ1fybhFQOoxrj2X30fwVNwIWGZ63o%2F0S77uTiPjevTI7nyGW%2FWOWPzk8WPV426TAiF9yIUyrpBdUua3UQMOJyrbTS%2BNHWEyP6OcnRCkHUSkOcDR%2B56dujqSK6zpt%2Bgx%2FQjbzTmwLJA%2B5YXLdHFLnzJj28gqIn5zsmh5ZmJebMjczAZsG2rmK3OKFu%2Fn6avY2XHKncBSjJTDOtP3JBjqxAQBIA2vGxo7mDpi3c5%2B0Gyz%2B28Nv22SL6SjngBzGvsv5lEh2eIT1HYPem3jwHL2onQO9ZaeUGtEBs3GnczRjp3rXHMVfOZv7orNh6CZw%2BgtLSwHxw%2BMhdLmBbG4BE26NqmAQs7MrzL9AOVAYYO7l5HKah1RKlrT%2F02fUyiloYZb7zaJ7IRePFHjG4%2BVyuvzCsDr5UJ6uXHNPWs%2F3zKqVGQz0pPDZ%2F09VVO3%2F6cb099TJlw%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=3ee43520ac6f2dbb5ce7c0a68eda7e1c575d044aa8ad2c63e9e38ef02eaa4c8d&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
© 2025 Artem Borysenko, published by Silesian University of Technology
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.