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Adaptation of Public Spaces to Climate Change Case Study of Lodz Cover

Adaptation of Public Spaces to Climate Change Case Study of Lodz

Open Access
|Dec 2024

Figures & Tables

Figure 1.

The Old Market Square currently (OM-0), project 1 (OM-1) and project 2 (OM-2), source: [36, 38]

Figure 2.

The Dabrowski Square currently (DS-0), project 1 (DS-1) and project 2 (DS-2), source: [41–42]

Figure 3.

3D and 2D models of the Old Market Square (OM) and the Dabrowski Square (DS) currently (0) and proposed modernizations (1, 2), source: own elaboration

Figure 4.

Air temperature in the Old Market Square currently (OM-0) and differences after the implementation of project 1 (OM-1) and project 2 (OM-2), source: own elaboration

Figure 5.

Relative humidity in the OldMarket Square currently (OM-0) and differences after the implementation of project 1 (OM-1) and project 2 (OM-2), source: own elaboration

Figure 6.

Air flow in the Old Market Square currently (OM-0) and differences after the implementation of project 1 (OM-1) and project 2 (OM-2), source: own elaboration

Figure 7.

PET index for a child in the Old Market Square currently (OM-0) and differences after the implementation of project 1 (OM-1) and project 2 (OM-2), source: own elaboration

Figure 8.

PET index for adult man in the Old Market Square currently (OM-0) and differences after the implementation of project 1 (OM-1) and project 2 (OM-2), source: own elaboration

Figure 9.

PET index for adult woman in the Old Market Square currently (OM-0) and differences after the implementation of project 1 (OM-1) and project 2 (OM-2), source: own elaboration

Figure 10.

PET index for elderly person in the Old Market Square currently (OM-0) and differences after the implementation of project 1 (OM-1) and project 2 (OM-2), source: own elaboration

Figure 11.

Air temperature in the Dabrowski Square currently (DS-0) and differences after the implementation of project 1 (DS-1) and project 2 (DS-2), source: own elaboration

Figure 12.

Relative humidity at the Dabrowski Square currently (DS-0) and differences after the implementation of project 1 (DS-1) and project 2 (DS-2), source: own elaboration

Figure 13.

Air flow in the Dabrowski Square currently (DS-0) and differences after the implementation of project 1 (DS-1) and project 2 (DS-2), source: own elaboration.

Figure 14.

PET index for a child in the Dabrowski Square currently (DS-0) and differences after the implementation of project 1 (DS-1) and project 2 (DS-2), source: own elaboration

Figure 15.

PET index for adult man in the Dabrowski Square currently (DS-0) and differences after the implementation of project 1 (DS-1) and project 2 (DS-2), source: own elaboration

Figure 16.

PET index for adult woman in the Dabrowski Square currently (DS-0) and differences after the implementation of project 1 (DS-1) and project 2 (DS-2), source: own elaboration

Figure 17.

PET index for elderly person in the Dabrowski Square currently (DS-0) and differences after the implementation of project 1 (DS-1) and project 2 (DS-2), source: own elaboration

Maximum and minimum changes occurring in the selected spaces after the introduction of projects, source: own elaboration

PARAMETEROM-1OM-2DS-1DS-2
MinMaxMinMaxMinMaxMinMax
Air temperature [°C]-0.80.6-0.60.8-1.40.5-1.00.2
Relative humidity [%]-1.71.2-1.12.0-0.34.7-0.014.3
Wind speed [m/s]-0.60.1-0.10.1-0.40.2-0.40.1
PET [°C]child-5.43.4-6.82.9-10.80.5-10.70.7
adult man-9.55.3-10.47.2-12.72.2-12.53.4
adult woman-9.56.1-10.47.2-12.82.3-12.43.6
elderly person-9.45.9-10.47.2-12.42.3-12.23.6

Materials and components used in 3D models, source: own elaboration

Surface materialsConstruction materialsTree species
concrete pavement (dark grey,light grey, red),asphalt road,brick road,ardened soil,natural soil,grass,water.brick,plaster (cream, sand, light yellow,light green, light grey),roofing:– roofing felt (black, red),– clay tile,– aluminium sheet (red).Common Ash,Green Ash,Norway Maple,Silver Maple,Sycamore Maple,Swedish Whitebeam,Common Robinia,Red Oak,Common Hornbeam,Abies Alba.

PET index scale, source: [20]

PET [C]Thermal sensationPhysiological stress level
< 4.1very coldextreme cold stress
4.1 – 8.0coldstrong cold stress
8.1 – 13.0coolmoderate cold stress
13.1 – 18.0slightly coolslight cold stress
18.1 – 23.0comfortableno thermal stress
23.1 – 29.0slightly warmslight heat stress
29.1 – 35.0warmmoderate heat stress
35.1 – 41.0hotstrong heat stress
> 41.0very hotextreme heat stress

Parameters of public space users applied in the simulations, source: own elaboration

No.GenderAge [years]Height [m]Weight [kg]Metabolism [met]Other parameters
1.man81.4302.0Clothing insulation [clo]:0.5 (light summer clothes)Movement speed [m/s]:1.2 (average walking speed)
2.woman351.7651.4
3.man351.8751.5
4.man801.7651.4

Simulation input parameters, source: own elaboration

Input parametersData used in the modelsInput parametersData used in the models
simulation day5 July 2015specific humidity9.5 g/kg
simulation time24 htemperature14.6–34.2°C
wind speed0.8 m/srelative humidity20–85%
wind direction270° (west)adjustment factor for radiation0.8
air pressure996.4 hPasurface roughness1.0 m
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/acee-2024-0033 | Journal eISSN: 2720-6947 | Journal ISSN: 1899-0142
Language: English
Page range: 129 - 145
Submitted on: May 17, 2024
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Accepted on: Nov 29, 2024
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Published on: Dec 31, 2024
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year

© 2024 Anna BOCHENEK, Katarzyna KLEMM, Magdalena STEFAŃSKA, published by Silesian University of Technology
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.