Figure 1.
The Old Market Square currently (OM-0), project 1 (OM-1) and project 2 (OM-2), source: [36, 38]
Figure 2.
The Dabrowski Square currently (DS-0), project 1 (DS-1) and project 2 (DS-2), source: [41–42]
Table 1.
Simulation input parameters, source: own elaboration
| Input parameters | Data used in the models | Input parameters | Data used in the models |
|---|---|---|---|
| simulation day | 5 July 2015 | specific humidity | 9.5 g/kg |
| simulation time | 24 h | temperature | 14.6–34.2°C |
| wind speed | 0.8 m/s | relative humidity | 20–85% |
| wind direction | 270° (west) | adjustment factor for radiation | 0.8 |
| air pressure | 996.4 hPa | surface roughness | 1.0 m |
Figure 3.
3D and 2D models of the Old Market Square (OM) and the Dabrowski Square (DS) currently (0) and proposed modernizations (1, 2), source: own elaboration
Table 2.
Materials and components used in 3D models, source: own elaboration
| Surface materials | Construction materials | Tree species |
|---|---|---|
| concrete pavement (dark grey, light grey, red), asphalt road, brick road, ardened soil, natural soil, grass, water. | brick, plaster (cream, sand, light yellow, light green, light grey), roofing: – roofing felt (black, red), – clay tile, – aluminium sheet (red). | Common Ash, Green Ash, Norway Maple, Silver Maple, Sycamore Maple, Swedish Whitebeam, Common Robinia, Red Oak, Common Hornbeam, Abies Alba. |
Table 3.
PET index scale, source: [20]
| PET [C] | Thermal sensation | Physiological stress level |
|---|---|---|
| < 4.1 | very cold | extreme cold stress |
| 4.1 – 8.0 | cold | strong cold stress |
| 8.1 – 13.0 | cool | moderate cold stress |
| 13.1 – 18.0 | slightly cool | slight cold stress |
| 18.1 – 23.0 | comfortable | no thermal stress |
| 23.1 – 29.0 | slightly warm | slight heat stress |
| 29.1 – 35.0 | warm | moderate heat stress |
| 35.1 – 41.0 | hot | strong heat stress |
| > 41.0 | very hot | extreme heat stress |
Table 4.
Parameters of public space users applied in the simulations, source: own elaboration
| No. | Gender | Age [years] | Height [m] | Weight [kg] | Metabolism [met] | Other parameters |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | man | 8 | 1.4 | 30 | 2.0 | Clothing insulation [clo]: 0.5 (light summer clothes) Movement speed [m/s]: 1.2 (average walking speed) |
| 2. | woman | 35 | 1.7 | 65 | 1.4 | |
| 3. | man | 35 | 1.8 | 75 | 1.5 | |
| 4. | man | 80 | 1.7 | 65 | 1.4 |
Figure 4.
Air temperature in the Old Market Square currently (OM-0) and differences after the implementation of project 1 (OM-1) and project 2 (OM-2), source: own elaboration
Figure 5.
Relative humidity in the OldMarket Square currently (OM-0) and differences after the implementation of project 1 (OM-1) and project 2 (OM-2), source: own elaboration
Figure 6.
Air flow in the Old Market Square currently (OM-0) and differences after the implementation of project 1 (OM-1) and project 2 (OM-2), source: own elaboration
Figure 7.
PET index for a child in the Old Market Square currently (OM-0) and differences after the implementation of project 1 (OM-1) and project 2 (OM-2), source: own elaboration
Figure 8.
PET index for adult man in the Old Market Square currently (OM-0) and differences after the implementation of project 1 (OM-1) and project 2 (OM-2), source: own elaboration
Figure 9.
PET index for adult woman in the Old Market Square currently (OM-0) and differences after the implementation of project 1 (OM-1) and project 2 (OM-2), source: own elaboration
Figure 10.
PET index for elderly person in the Old Market Square currently (OM-0) and differences after the implementation of project 1 (OM-1) and project 2 (OM-2), source: own elaboration
Figure 11.
Air temperature in the Dabrowski Square currently (DS-0) and differences after the implementation of project 1 (DS-1) and project 2 (DS-2), source: own elaboration
Figure 12.
Relative humidity at the Dabrowski Square currently (DS-0) and differences after the implementation of project 1 (DS-1) and project 2 (DS-2), source: own elaboration
Figure 13.
Air flow in the Dabrowski Square currently (DS-0) and differences after the implementation of project 1 (DS-1) and project 2 (DS-2), source: own elaboration.
Figure 14.
PET index for a child in the Dabrowski Square currently (DS-0) and differences after the implementation of project 1 (DS-1) and project 2 (DS-2), source: own elaboration
Figure 15.
PET index for adult man in the Dabrowski Square currently (DS-0) and differences after the implementation of project 1 (DS-1) and project 2 (DS-2), source: own elaboration
Figure 16.
PET index for adult woman in the Dabrowski Square currently (DS-0) and differences after the implementation of project 1 (DS-1) and project 2 (DS-2), source: own elaboration
Figure 17.
PET index for elderly person in the Dabrowski Square currently (DS-0) and differences after the implementation of project 1 (DS-1) and project 2 (DS-2), source: own elaboration
Table 5.
Maximum and minimum changes occurring in the selected spaces after the introduction of projects, source: own elaboration
| PARAMETER | OM-1 | OM-2 | DS-1 | DS-2 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Min | Max | Min | Max | Min | Max | Min | Max | ||
| Air temperature [°C] | -0.8 | 0.6 | -0.6 | 0.8 | -1.4 | 0.5 | -1.0 | 0.2 | |
| Relative humidity [%] | -1.7 | 1.2 | -1.1 | 2.0 | -0.3 | 4.7 | -0.01 | 4.3 | |
| Wind speed [m/s] | -0.6 | 0.1 | -0.1 | 0.1 | -0.4 | 0.2 | -0.4 | 0.1 | |
| PET [°C] | child | -5.4 | 3.4 | -6.8 | 2.9 | -10.8 | 0.5 | -10.7 | 0.7 |
| adult man | -9.5 | 5.3 | -10.4 | 7.2 | -12.7 | 2.2 | -12.5 | 3.4 | |
| adult woman | -9.5 | 6.1 | -10.4 | 7.2 | -12.8 | 2.3 | -12.4 | 3.6 | |
| elderly person | -9.4 | 5.9 | -10.4 | 7.2 | -12.4 | 2.3 | -12.2 | 3.6 | |