Figure 1.
BCR scheme and design; by the authors, based on [14]
Figure 2.
FAR diagram and formula; by the authors, based on[14]
Figure 3.
Porosity diagram and patterns; by the authors, based on [19, 20]
Figure 4.
Schematic and permeability pattern, a. schematic of the vertical plane with division into low, medium and high-rise building zones, b. schematic of the plan view with determination of “wind path”; by the authors, based on [24]
Figure 5.
Schematic and pattern of occlusivity, numbers 1–3 indicate horizontal section lines(1 – 1st line of horizontal section, 2 – 2nd horizontal section line, 3 – 3rd horizontal section line); by the authors, based on [20]
Figure 6.
Frontal aspect ratio diagram and formula; by the authors, based on [7]
Figure 7.
Aspect ratio H/W diagram and main dependent aerodynamic effects, a – isolated roughness flow, b – wake interference flow, c, d, e – skimming flow; by the authors, based on [31]
Figure 8.
Aspect ratio L/H diagram; by the authors, based on [39]
Figure 9.
Aspect ratio L/W diagram; by the author, based on [41]
Figure 10.
SVF diagram and patterns, a – symmetrical street, b – asymmetrical street, c – non-street urban space, d – courtyard; by the authors, based on [45]
Figure 11.
SVF diagram and patterns, a – symmetrical street, b – asymmetrical street, c – non-street urban space, d – courtyard; by the authors, based on [45]
Figure 12.
Aerodynamic effects within the street depending on roof shape; by the authors, based on[49]
Table 1.
Comparative summary of the geometry of the development and its relationship to the land and parameters used in aerodynamic field
| PARAMETER | DIMENSION/APPLICATION | STATE OF KNOWLEDGE | LITERATURE SOURCES | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Local scale – urban planning – local development plans, masterplans for districts, settlements | ||||
| 1 | Building coverage ratio | 2D, related to low-rise developments of varying heights | well-established, long-established | [9–11, 13, 51, 51–55] |
| 2 | Floor area ratio | 3D | well-established, long-established | [11, 13, 16, 17, 47, 55–58] |
| 3 | Porosity | 3D, related to medium to large building heights | popular recently, of great interest, still imprecise definition | [7, 12, 18, 20, 23, 25, 27, 30, 59–63] |
| 4 | Permeability | 2D related to buildings with closed layouts and large heights | popular recently, of great interest | [21–24] |
| 5 | Occlusivity | 2D related to buildings with closed layouts and medium heights | popular recently, of moderate interest | [28, 64, 65] |
| 6 | Frontal aspect ratio | 3D, related to low-rise developments of varying heights | popular recently, of great interest | [7, 12, 30, 60–63] |
| Microscale, close surroundings of buildings – urban and architectural design – masterplans, arrangement of the area around buildings | ||||
| 7 | Aspect ratio H/W | 2D, related to low-rise developments of varying heights | well-established, long-established, of great interest | [7, 31–38, 66–68] |
| 8 | Aspect ratio L/H | 2D, related to low-rise developments | long-term, little interest | [10, 39, 41, 69–71] |
| 9 | Aspect ratio L/W | 2D, related to low-rise developments | long-term, little interest | [10, 41] |
| 10 | Sky view factor | 2D/3D related to buildings with little of varying heights | well-established, long-established | [42–45, 72, 73] |
| 11 | The orientation of the building/sinuosity | 2D related tobuildings with medium to large | long-known, difficult to define | [7, 20, 26, 46, 47, 74, 75] |
| 12 | Roof shape | 3D | poorly researched, rarely considered | [48–50, 76, 77] |
Figure 13.
Diagram of the central angle; by the authors based on [78]
Table 2.
Relationships between architecture, its relationship to the land used and geometry building parameters used in aerodynamic
| ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN PLANNING PARAMETERS USED IN POLAND | AERODYNAMICS-RELATED PARAMETERS | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| DIRECTLY | INTERMEDIATE | ||
| 1 | Building coverage ratio | Building coverage ratio | Occlusivity |
| 2 | Floor area ratio | Floor area ratio | |
| 3 | Percentage of undeveloped biologically active area | Porosity, permeability | |
| 4 | Building height | Aspect ratio H/W L/H, frontal aspect ratio | |
| 5 | Height difference | Frontal aspect ratio | |
| 6 | Façade length | Aspect ratio L/W L/H, frontal aspect ratio, sinuosity | |
| 7 | Aspect ratio W/H | Aspect ratio H/W | |
| 8 | Central angle | Sky view factor | |
| 9 | Type of construction | Aspect ratio H/W L/W L/H, sky view factor | |
| 10 | Building line | Projection orientation, sinuosity | |
| 11 | Roof shape | Roof shape | |
| 12 | Distances to site boundaries, other buildings, technical infrastructure elements | Permeability | Aspect ratio H/W |